The purpose of this paper is to explore the mechanisms, diagnostic methods and treatments for allergies, and to elaborate on the various aspects of this common disease through a comprehensive analysis of the relevant information, with a view to providing comprehensive guidance for clinical practice and patient self-management, improving the level of control of allergy and improving the quality of life of patients.
Keywords: Allergy nasalitis; morbidity mechanism; diagnosis; treatment
Introduction
An allergy nasal inflammation, as a high-prevalence chronic inflammation disease, not only affects the respiratory function of the patient, but also causes many inconveniences to sleep, study, work and social life, which seriously reduces the quality of life. In recent years, their incidence has been rising year by year and has attracted widespread attention from the medical community and society. An in-depth understanding of allergies, diagnostic methods and treatment strategies is important to effectively control the progress of the disease and to alleviate the suffering of patients.
II. EMERGENCY MECHANISMS
(i) Genetic susceptibility
Allergies have a clear genetic orientation, and family genetic factors play a key role in their onset. Studies have shown that multiple genetic locations are associated with the susceptibility of allergy nasal inflammation, and that these genes are involved in the regulation of the immune system, the signaling of allergies and the barrier function of respiratory mucous membranes. For example, mutations of certain genes may lead to over-enhancement of the immune response of the organism to the allergens, making it more likely that the individual will experience sensitization after exposure to the allergens.
(ii) Environmental factors
1. Exposure to allergies
– Flour: During the flowering season of plants, pollen is used as a common allergy for air transport into the human respiratory tract. Flour from different plants has different sensitivity, such as porpoise and artemisinin-based pollen, and increases in concentrations in specific areas and seasons have significantly increased the risk of allergies.
– Dust mites: mainly live in warm and humid conditions such as indoor mattresses, bedding, sofas, etc., and feed on skins that fall off the human body. The bodies of the dust mites, their excreta and their excreta are strong allergens, and long-term exposures can lead to persistent allergies, especially in overcrowded and poorly ventilated environments, where the dust mites breed more severely and increase the exposure of patients.
– Fungi spores: In humid environments such as basements, bathrooms, kitchens, etc., fungi are easily grown and breed, their spores are scattered in the air and can induce allergies when inhaled by humans. In particular, during the rainy season or the high humidity season, the concentrations of fungi spores have increased significantly and the frequency of allergies has increased.
– Animal skin: The hair, skin and saliva of pets contain a wide range of allergies, with common pets such as cats and dogs present in indoor air for long periods of time, and people in close contact with the pets are more vulnerable to the effects of these allergies, leading to the occurrence of allergies.
2. Air pollution
– Industrial flue gases: pollutants such as sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particulates released during industrial production not only cause damage to the atmosphere, but also directly impair the barrier function of the respiratory mucous membranes, increase the penetration of the nasal mucous membranes to allergies and make it easier for allergies to enter the organism, thereby inducing or exacerbating the symptoms of allergic nasalitis.
– Automotive tail gas: contains a large number of harmful substances, such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, in which fine particles (e.g. PM2.5) can go deep into the respiratory tract, trigger inflammation reactions, reduce the immune defence capacity of the respiratory tract, and interact with allergies, further exacerbating the allergies.
(iii) Immunopathology mechanisms
When Allergen first enters the body, it is presented to the cell for ingestion and processing, it transmits the antigen message to the T lymphocytes, activates the auxiliary T cell 2 (Th2) subgroup. Th2 cytogenoctogens (4 IL-4), white cell media 5 (IL-5), white cell media 13 (IL-13), etc., which cause B lymphocytes to produce ige antibodies. The IGE antibodies are combined with the high-relationship and strength Ige receptors of the surfaces of fat and alkaline particles, which make the organism sensitive. When re-exposed to the same allergies, the allergies are combined with Ige on the surface of the sensitive target cell, which triggers the removal of fertilizing cells and alkaline particle cells from particles, release of various inflammatory media such as ammonium, white triolene and prostate, resulting in systalcovascular expansion, increased permeability, gland gland ingestion, while attracting inflammation of inflammated cells such as acidic particles, meso-particle cells, and inflammation of inflammatory cavities, causing a series of allergies, such as nasal itching, sneezing, fluent sals and snot.
Diagnosis
(i) Clinical symptoms assessment
Detailed inquiry into the patient ‘ s symptoms is an important part of the diagnosis of allergy. Typical symptoms include frequent nasal itchings, which are often unbearable, and patients are often unconsciously snorting; sneezes in sneezes, which can be several or even dozens of consecutive sneezes; large amounts of water-purified snots, sometimes with a continuous outflow; and nostrils of varying severity, which can be intermittent or continuous and can affect breathing and sleep when severe. In addition, some patients may be subject to allergies in the eye, tear, throat, cough and lower respiratory tracts. An overall assessment of the frequency, duration, severity and seasonal or perennial characteristics of the symptoms makes a preliminary determination as to whether the symptoms are allergies.
(ii) Medical examination
An examination of the nasal cavity reveals a pale, oedema, a large swelling of the lower nasal manicure, more water samples of the genre in the nasal cavity and, in some cases, filamentary genre in the nasal tract. It should be noted, however, that these nasal cavities are not unique to allergies and that other nasal diseases, such as vascular motionary nasalitis, non-transformative nasalitis associated with acidic particle growth syndromes, may have similar manifestations and therefore require identification and diagnosis in the context of other screening methods.
(iii) Allergen testing
Skin point sting test
– Operating methods: Licking of a small number of standardizedly treated common allergies to the skin surface on the inside of the patient ‘ s forearm, and then gently thrusting into the skin by a specially designed pointer into the shallow layer, so that the allergies enter the skin.
– Result judgement: Observe local skin reactions within 15 – 20 minutes after the puncture. If the patient is allergic to the allergen, the skin has wind and red faint, the diameter of the wind is related to the allergy, and the greater the diameter of the general wind, the greater the allergy. Through stinging tests of various allergens, it is possible to determine the type of sensitisation of the patient, which provides an important basis for avoiding exposure and developing individualized treatment programmes.
2. Ige testing
– The principle of detection: the extraction of intravenous blood from patients and the detection of specific IGE antibodies levels in serums for various common allergyl fields using techniques such as ELISA or the chemical luminous immunisation analysis.
– Clinical significance: This test can be independent of the patient ‘ s recent drug use and skin state, and sero-specific IGE testing is an effective alternative to patients who cannot be tested for skin puncture or whose results are difficult to judge, such as those suffering from severe skin diseases, and those who are using anti-hotamine drugs. At the same time, it has been able to detect a number of allergies that are not easily tested through skin puncture tests, such as some food allergies, which contribute to a fuller understanding of the patient ‘ s allergic state.
IV. Treatment strategy
(i) Avoiding allergies
This is the foundation and key measure for allergies. For pollen allergies, the time spent out should be minimized during the pollen spread season, especially in the morning and evening when pollen concentrations are high. In case of departure, protective masks and glasses should be worn to avoid direct contact of pollen with the nasal cavity and eyes. When returned to the room, the clothes were replaced in a timely manner, facial and nasal cavities were cleaned and pollen residues were reduced. For dust mites allergies, indoor cleaning should be maintained, rooms should be cleaned regularly, dust mites such as mattresses, bedding, couches and sofas should be used to clean the place where the dust mites are bred, to wash their bedding and to tan in the sun. The indoors should be well ventilated, with a humidity control of between 40% and 60%, and use such equipment as air cleaners and dehumidifiers to reduce concentrations of dust mites and other allergens. For those who are allergic to animal skins, it is important to avoid raising pets as much as possible and, if they have been raised, to reduce close contact with the pets, regularly bathing the pets, cleaning their hairs and maintaining the health of their living environment.
(ii) Drug treatment
1. Anti-hotamine drugs
– Activation mechanisms: act as a disincentive to the allergies of the group metamine (H1 receptor) through competitive disruption, thereby reducing the symptoms of nasal itch, sneeze, flue aldicarb etc.
– Drug choices: First-generation anti-amphetamine drugs, such as chlorophenamin, benzolamin and so on, although they are somewhat allergic, are now being reduced in clinical applications due to their easy access to adverse reactions such as sleep addiction, inactivity and concentration through blood and brain barriers. The second-generation anti-maltamine drugs, such as chlorretardium and thitriazine, have a selective effect on the disruption of H1 receptors, with a marked reduction in the inhibition of the central nervous system and a longer-term effect, usually only once a day, which is currently the first line of treatment for allergic nasalitis. New types of anti-methamphetamine second-generation drugs, e.g., land-chlorine dichloride, Zorthi tetriazine, etc., may be more effective and safe, further increasing patient dependence.
Sugar cortex hormones
– Nasal sugar cortex hormones: one of the most effective drugs for the treatment of allergic nasal inflammation is a strong anti-inflammation and allergy, which can effectively mitigate the inflammation response of the nasal mucous membrane and the symptoms of nose plugs, flue aldicarb, nasal itching and sneezing. Commonly used sugar-coated hormonals include aluminum snort sprayer, a fluideka snort sprayer, and a budine snot sprayer. These drugs are partially active in nasal mucous membranes, with low overall bioavailability and relatively low adverse effects, but may have local adverse effects such as nose haemorrhage, nasal dryness, and a sense of mucous membrane irritation in long-term use. Therefore, the use should be carried out in strict accordance with medical instructions, with proper methods of use in order to avoid drug abuse and misuse.
– Oral sugar cortex hormones: for patients suffering from acute allergies and who are treated with sugar cortex hormones and other drugs that are not effective, oral sugar cortex hormones, such as Peneson, can be treated in the short term. However, the adverse effects of oral sugar cortex hormones, such as gastrointestinal discomfort, weight gain, blood pressure rises, blood sugar abnormalities, etc., are relatively high and therefore are generally not recommended for long-term use and must be used under strict medical guidance to monitor closely the occurrence of the adverse effects.
3. Blood reduction
– Activation mechanisms: reduction of osteoporosis by constricting the systeal mucous veins, thereby reducing the symptoms of nasal plugs and improving the flow of the nasal cavity.
– Drug use: The most common nasal defillants are ephedrine droplets, hydroxylene droplets, etc. However, the continuous use of this type of drug does not normally last for more than seven days, and its long-term use can lead to a repulsive haematosis of the nasal mucous membrane, the formation of a drug-based nasal inflammation, the exacerbation of nasal plug symptoms and the increased difficulty of treatment. Nasal refilling should therefore be used with caution, under the guidance of a doctor, only for short-term treatment to mitigate the severity of the nasal cavity and not as a routine treatment for allergies.
4. White triolene regulators
– Activation mechanism: White triene is one of the key media involved in the reaction to allergies, which improves allergies by inhibiting synthesis or blocking receptors.
Clinical applications: Sodium Monuste is a white tritole regulator currently used in clinical practice, especially for persons with asthma-related allergy or with poor response to other medications, which can be used as one of the drugs for joint treatment. Munuste sodium is generally very resistant, with relatively few adverse effects, and common adverse effects include headaches, drying, gastrointestinal discomfort, etc., but the incidence is low and does not affect the continued treatment of most patients.
(iii) Immunization treatment
1. Undercover immunization treatment
– The process of treatment: administration of allergies by means of subcutaneous injection, giving low doses of allergies at the initial stage, and then gradually increasing the dose according to a given programme, adapting the body immune system to the allergies and inducing the emergence of immunokinesis. The entire treatment process usually lasts three to five years, during which time patients are required to have regular inoculations in the hospital and to be treated with close observation by a doctor to ensure that the treatment is safe and effective.
– Efficiencies and risks: Underthe skin immunisation treatment is a treatment for allergies, which can effectively reduce allergies, reduce drug use and even potentially alter the natural course of the disease, and prevent progress in other allergic diseases, such as allergic nasal asthma. There are, however, certain risks associated with the treatment, such as the possibility of local redness, itching, pain, etc. in the injection area, and the possibility that a small number of patients may have a full-body allergy that could endanger life in serious cases. Thus, under-cover immunization treatment must be carried out in a medical institution with the appropriate qualifications and conditions, operated by a professional doctor, with well-equipped first aid equipment and medicines to deal with possible adverse effects.
2. Under-mouth immunization treatment
– Treatment: The injection of allergie extracts under the tongue so that they can be absorbed into the organism through the mucous membrane under the tongue, thus stimulating the immune system to become immune. Patients can take their own treatment at home, and under a programme established by a doctor, allergies are dropped under the tongue on a regular basis every day and for a certain period of time, so that the drug is fully absorbed.
– Advantages and limitations: Immunisation under the tongue is more safe, less common and easier to use, and patients do not need frequent access to the hospital for inoculation, which increases patients ‘ compliance. However, the efficacy of the under-tongue immunisation treatment may be relatively weak, and for some patients with severe allergies, a combination of other treatments may be needed to achieve better treatment. In addition, the relatively limited range of allergies currently used for under-mouth immunization treatment may not meet the needs of all patients.
(iv) Surgery
1. Surgery adaptation certificate
Surgical treatment is mainly applied to patients with poor effects of medication and immunotherapy, or with abnormal nasal anatomy structures, such as nasal flesh and sepsis, which seriously affects nasal aerobics and nasal incipients, and leads to allergic nasal inflammation symptoms. For example, severe curvatures in the nose can hinder nasal cavity, and allergies and inflammatory secretions in the nasal cavity are not easily released, thus exacerbating allergies; the presence of nasal carcasses can block the opening of the nasal cavity and affect the normal physiology of the nasal cavity, while also providing conditions for the persistence of the suspense and inflammation in the pre-perfecture.
2. Method of operation
– Open Nasal Osteoporosis: indirectly mitigates the symptoms of allergy through the guidance of the Osteoporosis, the removal of the pathological tissue from the nasal endoscopy, the opening of the mouth of the nasal cortex, the improvement of the aerobics and flow of the nasal cavity, and the reduction of the inflammation response within the nasal coste, thereby indirectly mitigating the symptoms of allergy. The operation has the advantage of small trauma, clarity of vision and rapid post-operative recovery, and is able to effectively treat the combinations of nasal inflammation and so forth, while maintaining the normal physiology of the nasal nasal snot.
– Nasal hysterectomy: The removal of nasal hysteria is an important measure to alleviate symptoms such as nasal slugs and aldicarb. The procedure can be performed under the nose endoscopy, with the precise removal of the snout tissue, the reduction of the snout’s congestion and irritation to the nasal nasal nasal cavity, and the reduction of the inflammation response, while at the same time contributing to the better functioning of the drug on the nasal mucous membrane and improving the effectiveness of the treatment.
– Nasal osteoporosis: for patients with visible nasal dystrophysics, surgery to correct the position of the dysentery, restoration of normal air-transmitting structures of the nasal cavity, improvement of the aerodynamics of the nasal cavity, reduction of the reaction to nasal mucous irritation and inflammation caused by the dystrophy of the nasal, contribution to abating allergy and improving the quality of life of patients.
Conclusions
Allergies are a complex disease caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, and their onset is related to abnormal regulation of the immune system and the development of an allergic response. Accurate diagnosis is a prerequisite for the development of an effective treatment programme, and can be clearly diagnosed and determined by means of detailed clinical symptoms assessment, medical examination and allergy testing. In the area of treatment, comprehensive prevention and treatment strategies should include avoiding exposure to allergies, rational use of medication, choice of immunotherapy or surgical treatment based on the condition, and strengthening of health education, self-management capacity and access to treatment. As medical research deepens and treatment technologies progress, it is believed that in the future more breakthroughs will be made in the area of the control of allergic nasal inflammation, leading to better treatment and better quality of life for a large number of patients.
