Nanoase anti-microbial infections

Nano-enzyme anti-microbial infections: In the long-term competition with micro-organisms, nano-enzymes, as an emerging multi-purpose material, are emerging as a new dawn for the challenge of micro-organisms. Microbiological infections, which cover diseases caused by pathogens such as bacteria, fungi and viruses, continue to threaten human health. Traditional anti-infection strategies often face multiple dilemmas, such as antibiotic resistance, which limits the treatment of bacterial infections, the difficulty of developing anti-viral drugs and their variability, and the toxic side effects of some anti-facter drugs. In this context, nanoenzymes have emerged that combine the unique physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials with the enzyme ‘ s catalytic activity, demonstrating a remarkable anti-microbial potential. The catalytic effect of nanoenzymes is their “sword” against infection. In the case of oxidation enzymes, for example, nanoenzymes with peroxide enzymes-like activity can catalyse the generation of high-activity oxygen species (ROS), such as hydroxyl radicals, ultraoxin anion, and so on, with hydrogen peroxide. These ROSs, like “microbombs”, can destroy the integrity of the bacterial membrane, cause the release of content, and can oxidize the virus’s protein casings, nucleic acids, disrupt its structure and render the virus infectable; for fungi, ROS interferes with the synthesis of the cell wall, the function of a linear particle and inhibits growth and reproduction. On the other hand, nanoenzymes with peroxide activity can decompose overdoses of hydrogen peroxide in organisms, regulate the oxidation balance, mitigate inflammatory response, create a favourable repair environment for infected tissues and avoid microbial inflammation. The physical properties of nanoases also contribute to the resistance to infection. At the nanoscale, it is larger than the surface area, has increased exposure to microorganisms, is highly adhesive to pathogen surfaces and directly interferes with microbial physiological activity. Partially magnetic nanoenzymes, which, under magnetic field control, are capable of being accurately concentrated in the infected area, achieve target delivery of antibacterial components and reduce side effects on normal tissue. There are also nanoenzymes that can self-assembly into nanostructures, such as nanonets, nanocages, and encapsulation and encapsulation of microorganisms to prevent their spread. In medical clinical practice, nanoenzymes are widely used. The advantages of nano-enzyme dressing have been highlighted in the treatment of injuries. It can act as a catalyst for continuous fungicide while absorbing the seepage of the wound, humidizing and accelerating healing. In the case of silver-mixed nanoenzymes, silver ion, in concert with nanoenzymes, antibacterials, there has been a significant increase in the healing rate of wounds to the pharmacist peptococcus, colicoccus, and the time for healing has been significantly reduced. In the case of whole-body infections, a nanoenzymes-modified drug carrier is smartly released, and in case of micro-infection changes (e.g. pH decrease, ROS rise), where necessary, antibiotics or antivirals are released, drug efficacy is enhanced and drug stress is mitigated. However, there are still challenges in the evolution of nanoenzymes into clinical practice. On the one hand, bio-safety in nanoenzymes needs to be explored in depth, and the potential toxicity of long-term retention and metabolic products needs to be identified; on the other hand, nanoenzymes are complex, costly and difficult to scale and limit large-scale applications. In the future, with the development of material science and biotechnology, it is expected that nanoenzymes will be promoted as a major force against microbial infections and protected against microbial threats to human health through optimized design, such as the accurate construction of nanoenzymes structures at simulated natural enzyme activity centres, the selection of biologically compatible and good raw materials, the reduction of efficiency gains through green synthetic processes.