Principles governing the use and adjustment of narcotic drugs

The use of narcotic drugs and their adjustment principles play a crucial role in the operation and in medical procedures, with the aim of ensuring that patients do not suffer from pain and discomfort. Rational use and adjustment of narcotic drugs not only improves surgical effects but also reduces side effects and complications. The following are the basic principles for the use and adjustment of narcotic drugs:1. Principles of individualized use: The use of narcotic drugs must be tailored to the specific circumstances of each patient. Factors such as physical condition, age, weight, and underlying illness of different patients may affect the efficacy and safety of the drug.Implementation:Weight and surface area: The drug dose is calculated on the basis of the patient ‘ s weight and surface area to ensure the accuracy of the effects.Age and health status: For children and older patients, special attention needs to be paid to dose adjustment, as their metabolic capacity and drug response may differ from that of adults.Disease status: For patients suffering from chronic diseases or specific health problems, the drug dose needs to be adjusted or the appropriate drug selected to avoid the interaction between the drug and the underlying disease.2. Principles of drug-dose adjustment: The drug-dose adjustment should be based on real-time monitoring feedback to optimize anaesthesia and reduce side effects.Implementation:• Pre-operative assessment: pre-operative assessment of patients’ health and drug needs and development of personalized anesthesia plans.Dynamical adjustment: During the operation, the dose is adjusted in real time to the patient ‘ s response (e.g., changes in vital signs, depth of anesthesia, etc.).• Post-operative monitoring: continued post-operative monitoring of the patient ‘ s state and adjustment of drug use to manage post-operative pain and other symptoms.Principles of drug interaction: The possible interaction of narcotic drugs with other drugs, affecting their effects or triggering side effects requires a comprehensive understanding of all drugs used by patients.Implementation:• List of medicines: to know the patient’s history and current use of drugs, including prescription drugs, non-prescription medicines and herbal supplements.Conflict avoidance: Selecting and adjusting narcotic drugs to avoid adverse interactions with other drugs of the patient, preventing increased side effects or reduced efficacy.:: Professional counselling: In complex situations, Pharmacists may need to be consulted or the drug interaction database used.4. Principles of monitoring and evaluation: Mid- and post-operative monitoring is essential to ensure the effectiveness and safety of narcotic drugs.Implementation:• Vital signs monitoring: real-time monitoring of the heart rate, blood pressure, breathing frequency and blood oxygen saturation of patients to assess the effects of narcotic drugs on patients.• Anaesthesia depth monitoring: use of techniques such as EEG to assess the depth of anaesthesia to ensure that the patient is in a proper state of anaesthesia during surgery.Post-operative observation: Post-operative monitoring of patient recovery, timely treatment of any discomfort or complications, and adjustment of drug use to improve comfort and safety.5. The principle of the management of side effects and complications: narcotic drugs may cause side effects or complications, and prevention and timely treatment of these problems are important components of anaesthesia management.Implementation:• Side-effect recognition: familiarization with the possible side effects of narcotic drugs, such as nausea, vomiting, respiratory inhibition, etc., and prevention and treatment thereof.• First aid interventions: develop emergency response programmes to deal with emergencies such as overdoses and allergies to ensure the safety of patients.Long-term follow-up: Long-term follow-up of high-risk patients or patients using long-term anesthesia to identify and manage possible chronic side effects.Summarizing the use and adaptation of narcotic drugs is a complex process, requiring a combination of individual differences among patients, drug interactions, real-time monitoring results and possible side effects. Individualized drug choices and dose adjustments, careful monitoring and assessment, and effective side effects management can improve the effects of anaesthesia and ensure the safety and comfort of patients. The expertise and experience of the medical team play a key role in this process, ensuring that the anaesthesia process goes smoothly.