Negative effects associated with tumour immunization: understanding and coping

Introduction

In recent years, tumour immunisation treatment, as an innovative method of cancer treatment, has achieved significant results in the treatment of multiple cancers by identifying and attacking cancer cells by activation of the patient ‘ s own immune system. However, this powerful treatment is accompanied by a unique set of adverse effects, known as immuno-related adverse effects (irAEs). These responses not only affect the quality of life of patients, but may also have a significant impact on the effectiveness of treatment. Therefore, understanding and correct response to irAEs are essential for patients and medical professionals.

Mechanisms for the occurrence of adverse effects associated with immunization

At the heart of tumour immunisation treatment is the decompression of cancer cells to the immune system, enabling T-cells to recognize and kill cancer cells. This process usually involves the use of immuno-point inhibitors (e.g. PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors) or CAR-T cell therapy. However, these treatments can also activate the immune system to attack normal tissues, leading to adverse reactions. The mechanisms for the occurrence of these adverse effects relate mainly to:

1. Over-activation of the immune system: The treatment may lead to excessive activity of the immune system, thereby attacking the normal organization.

2. Self-immunisation response: certain patients may have potential self-immunisation tendencies, which may be exacerbated by immunization treatment. Inflammatory response: Inflammatory factors during treatment can lead to organizational damage and adverse reactions.

Common immune-related adverse effects and treatment

Skin Reaction: This is one of the most common iRAEs in the form of rash, itching or severe skin inflammation. Treatment includes the use of local cortical steroid ointment or oral anti-inflammatory drugs. In serious cases, treatment may need to be suspended.

2. Gastrointestinal response: gastroenteritis, enteritis, etc., can lead to symptoms such as diarrhoea, abdominal pain, etc. Treatment usually requires the use of anti-inflammatory drugs and dietary adjustments. In serious cases, hospitalization may be required.

3. Endocrine system response: includes thyroid inflammation and insulin-dependent diabetes. These responses may require hormonal substitution therapy or other targeted treatment. Regular monitoring of endocrine functions is essential for the early detection and management of these responses.

4. Hepatitis response: Hepatitis, guided by immunization, may lead to abnormal liver function. Treatment includes detoxification and the use of immunosuppressants. In serious cases, liver transplants may be required.

Lung Response: Pneumonia is one of the more serious IRAEs requiring immediate treatment with immunosuppressants and cortical steroids. Timely diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent serious consequences.

6. Neurological system response: Although rare, it may include, for example, neuroses and meningitis. These responses require professional assessment and treatment by neurologists.

Prevention and management strategies

To minimize the occurrence of iraEs, the following are practical prevention and management recommendations:

1. Early identification and intervention: periodic monitoring of the patient ‘ s signs and immediate measures should be taken in the event of signs of adverse reactions. This includes detailed medical history inquiries, medical examinations and necessary laboratory examinations.

2. Individualized treatment programmes: adapted to the specific circumstances of the patient to balance efficacy and safety. For example, for patients with their own history of immune diseases, more care may be needed in the choice of treatment drugs and doses.

3. Patient education: make patients aware of possible adverse reactions and raise their awareness of self-monitoring and reporting. Provide detailed educational materials and contact details so that patients can seek help in a timely manner when symptoms arise.

4. Multidisciplinary collaboration: Establish an interdisciplinary medical team, including oncologists, immunologists, dermatologists, endocrinologists, etc., for the overall management and treatment of iraEs. Such collaboration ensures that patients receive optimal care and support.

5. Ongoing research and monitoring: As oncological immunisation treatments continue to evolve, new adverse effects may occur. Continued research and monitoring is therefore essential for the timely identification and response to new challenges.

The adverse effects of tumour immunization treatment are a complex medical problem that needs to be faced and addressed by both the medical community and the patients. By in-depth understanding of the mechanisms for the occurrence of these responses and scientific management, we can maximize the advantages of tumour immunization while protecting the quality of life and safety of patients. Future research will continue to explore more accurate and safe treatments with a view to eventually fighting cancer.