Discovery of respiratory antibacterial drugs: rational use from a pathological point of view
In respiratory clinical practice, infectious diseases account for a significant proportion of them, and antibacterial drugs are an important means of treating them. However, with the widespread use of antibacterial drugs, the problem of drug resistance is growing, posing enormous challenges to clinical treatment. The rational application of antibacterial drugs is therefore particularly important from a pathogen point of view. I will now elaborate on the rational use of respiratory antibacterial drugs, with a view to improving the effectiveness of clinical treatment and reducing the production of resistant bacteria.
I. Pathological characteristics of respiratory infectious diseases
There is a wide variety of pathogens with respiratory infections, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc. Among them, bacterial infections are most common, such as pneumocococcus, haemophilus influenzae, yellow grapes, etc. These pathogens vary in their pathogenicity and resistance characteristics during the course of the infection and, therefore, the type and drug sensitivity of the pathogens must be taken fully into account in the choice of antibacterial drugs.
II. Categorization and functioning mechanisms for antibacterial drugs
Antibacterial drugs can be classified into various types depending on their mechanism of action and chemical structure, such as β-nimide, amino sugar slurry, large cycloesters, quinone, etc. Each antibacterial drug has its own specific antibacterial spectrum and mechanism of action. For example, β-neamide-type drugs are resistant to microbacterial use, mainly by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cytowalls, while amino sugar-type drugs are mainly used to inhibit the synthesis of proteins by nuclei of bacteria. An understanding of the classification and functioning mechanisms of antibacterial drugs helps clinicians to select appropriate drugs according to the characteristics of the pathogens.
III. Selection of appropriate antibacterial drugs from a pathogen perspective
1. Identification of pathogen types: In the treatment of respiratory infectious diseases, first and foremost, the pathogen types of patients should be identified by means of tests such as pathogen detection, inflammation indicators, etc. Different pathogens are sensitive to different antibacterial drugs. For example, pneumococcus is sensitive to penicillin-type antibacterials, while golden septococcus may be resistant to certain new types of penicillin and headgillin-type antibacterials.
2. Conducting drug-sensitive tests: Once the strain of pathogens has been identified, drug-sensitive tests should be conducted to determine which antibacteria are sensitive. The results of drug-sensitive trials can provide clinical practitioners with drug guidance, avoid blind use of broad-spectral antibacterial drugs and reduce the generation of resistance.
3 Taking into account the individual differences of the patient: The age, weight, liver and kidney function of the patient must also be taken into account in the choice of antibacterial drugs. These factors may affect the metabolic and excretion of drugs, and thus their efficacy and safety. For example, the use of substances harmful to the liver should be avoided for patients with incomplete liver functions; for patients with incomplete kidneys, the dose should be adjusted or antibacterials with lower kidney toxicity should be selected.
IV. Development of rational drug use programmes
Determination of the dose of the drug and the spacing of the drug: The dose of the antibacterial drug and the spacing of the drug should be determined on the basis of factors such as the half-life of the drug and the liver and kidney function of the patient. In general, drugs should be given at intervals equal to or slightly greater than the half-life of the drug in order to ensure that the concentration of the drug in the body remains within its active range. At the same time, excessive doses should be avoided in order to reduce the occurrence of adverse drug effects.
2. Development of a course of treatment: The course of treatment of antibacterial drugs shall be determined by the type of pathogen, the patient ‘ s condition and the effect of the treatment. For some common infections, such as community access to sexually transmitted pneumonia, the normally recommended treatment is 7 to 0 days. However, some complex infections, such as hospital access to sexually transmitted pneumonia, may require longer treatment. In the course of treatment, changes in the patient ‘ s condition should be closely monitored, the efficacy of the medication assessed and the treatment programme adjusted in a timely manner.
3. Note the interaction between drugs: In the joint use of antibacterial drugs, attention should be paid to the interaction between drugs and to avoid unnecessary joint use. The purpose of joint use is usually to improve the efficacy of the drug, reduce its toxicity or delay its resistance. Joint use should, however, be avoided where there is a risk of drug stress or increased adverse effects.
V. Strengthening management of the use of antibacterial drugs
In order to improve the current state of application of antibacterial drugs, hospitals and doctors should strengthen the management of their use and regulate the application of antibacterial drugs. This includes measures such as the development of guidelines for the use of antibacterial drugs, training in the rational use of antibacterial drugs and the establishment of antibacterial drug use monitoring systems. The implementation of these measures will increase doctors’ knowledge and application of anti-bacterial drugs, reduce the generation of resistant bacteria and improve the effectiveness of clinical treatment.
From a pathological point of view, the rational application of antibacterial drugs is key to the treatment of respiratory infectious diseases. Clinicians should select appropriate antibacterial drugs based on the type of pathogens, the results of drug-sensitive tests and the patient ‘ s condition, develop rational drug use programmes and strengthen the management of antibacterial use. The implementation of these measures will improve the effectiveness of clinical treatment, reduce the production of drug-resistant bacteria and provide better medical care to patients. At the same time, patients should actively cooperate with the doctor ‘ s treatment programme, comply with the doctor ‘ s orders to take the medication on time, monitor the occurrence of adverse medical reactions and provide timely feedback to the doctor.
