Diabetes content daily care: the key to safeguarding health

Introduction

Diabetes is one of the most serious complications of diabetes, which not only inflicts physical pain on patients, but may also cause amputations in serious cases, which greatly affects their quality of life. According to statistics, about 15% – 20% of diabetes patients are diabetic in their lifetime. Therefore, day-to-day care is essential for the prevention and control of diabetes for people with diabetes. This paper details all aspects of diabetes mellitus for daily care and helps patients and their families better cope with this serious complication.

II. Mechanisms and hazards of diabetes mellitus

1. Psychoneurological change: Long-term high blood sugar can cause neurofibrosis, causing sensory, motor and autonomous neurofunctional disorders. Perception of a neurosis reduces or loses the patient ‘ s sense of irritation, such as pain, temperature, pressure, etc. in the foot, and is vulnerable to injury. Momentum neurosis can cause foot muscle contraction, joint malformations and change foot stress. Autoneurological changes affect the sweat gland and vascular salivation of the foot, resulting in dry skin, cracking and poor blood circulation. 2. Angiogenesis: Diabetes can lead to the sclerosis, narrowness and even closure of lower limb vascular porridges and reduce the blood supply in the foot. This deprives the foot tissue of adequate oxygen and nutrients, and it is difficult to heal if it is injured. High blood sugar environment: High blood sugar provides favourable conditions for bacteria to breed, while also affecting the functioning of white cells, reducing the resistance of the organism to infection and making the foot vulnerable to rapid spread in the event of infection. Diabetes mellitus, if it does not receive timely and effective care and treatment, is likely to be skin outbursts, ulcers, and is likely to develop into deep tissue infections, osteoporosis, which may eventually lead to amputations, increased disabling and mortality rates, and also significant psychological and economic stress.

III. Daily foot check

Check frequency

Diabetes patients are required to undergo a daily foot examination, especially those who have a longer pathology, poor blood sugar control, and who have neurological or vascular conditions. The habit of daily inspection allows for the timely detection of small changes in the foot and resolves the problem in its infancy.

1. Appearance inspection: to observe the presence of red and edema, bubbles, bruises, cuts, ulcer, chicken eyes, larvae etc. on the foot. Attention is being paid to the areas where toes, soles, heel, etc. are easily neglected. See if the skin colour is normal and if there is an ischaemic sign of blue and pale. 2. Sensation check: use of a cotton bar to touch the skin of the foot, to check the touch; touch the foot with cold, hot objects (not to be too high or too low, to avoid burns or frost); check the temperature sense; and stab the foot with a big needle (not to puncture the skin). Special care should be taken if feelings are detected as diminishing or abnormal. Foot malformations: to see if there are deformations such as thumb flips, hammer-shaped toes and claw-toes, which alter the receptivity of the foot, increase local pressure and make it easier to cause ulcer. At the same time, there are restrictions on joint activities, such as ankles, knees, etc., which may also affect walking positions and increase the risk of foot injury.

IV. GROUND CLEANING

1. Water temperature control: The water should be kept at 37 – 40 °C and can be measured using a thermometer. Overheated water is avoided, as diabetes patients may not be sensitive to temperature due to neurosis and are prone to burns. Skin damage following burns is one of the common causes of diabetes pulse. 2. Foot washing time: It should not take too long to wash foot, but should be controlled in 10 – 15 minutes. Long immersion can lead to over-ingestion of water in the skin and render it vulnerable. 3. Cleaning choices: use mild, non-irrigating soap or foot-washing fluids and avoid the use of cleaning products containing irritating components such as alcohol, to avoid skin damage.

Drying and wetting 1. Drying details: Once the feet have been washed, light drying with soft, watery towels, with particular attention to drying the water between toes and keeping the feet dry. The wet environment is prone to bacteria and fungi. 2. Wetting care: In the case of dry feet, a proper amount of wet cream can be applied, but care is taken to avoid being painted between toes. The choice of humid products free of alcohol and spices to prevent skin irritation. Wetting prevents skin cracks and maintains the skin barrier function.

V. Treatment of foot skin

1. Precaution: select suitable shoes to avoid long-term pressure on local skin. If a slightly thicker skin is found in the foot, a mild softener can be used, such as aqueous acid paste, but care is taken not to overcut itself to avoid skin damage. 2. Professional treatment: If a chicken eye or an eye is severe, do not deal with it on its own, and seek the assistance of a professional medical practitioner. Medical staff may use tools such as surgical knives to trim them, but under strict sterilization conditions to prevent infection.

1. Small bubble treatment: If the bubble is small, local cleaning can be maintained to avoid bursting and self-absorption. It can be covered with disinfectant bandages to reduce friction. 2. Large water bubble treatment: For larger water bubbles (more than 1 cm in diameter), the inside liquids of the bubble shall be pumped out by a syringe with sterile operation by medical personnel, and then wrapped with sterile cloths to replace dressings on a regular basis to observe water bubble healing.

Skin ulcer 1. Cleaning of wounds: Once an ulcer is found in the foot, the wound should be washed with physico-saline water to remove stains and secretions from the surface of the wound. Direct contact with wounds is avoided by the use of iodized alcohol, alcohol and other irritating disinfectants to avoid damage to new tissues. Clothes selection: Select suitable dressings based on the size, depth and seepage of the ulcer. Absorptionable dressing is optional for more permeable ulcer; for dry ulcer, wetting dressing can be used to promote healing. At the same time, care should be taken to keep the dressing clean and dry and to replace it periodically.

The choice of footwear

1. Suitable size: The length of the shoe shall be 1 – 1.5 cm longer than the maximum toe, and the width shall ensure that the toe has sufficient activity space. To avoid wearing too tight or too loose shoes, too tight shoes squeeze the foot, and too loose shoes cause excessive friction between the foot and the shoe while walking. 2. Material quality: The choice of aerobic face material, such as leather or canvas, helps to keep the foot dry. A certain thickness and elasticity of the soles of the shoes would provide a good seismic function and reduce the impact on the foot during walking. 3. Rational: Avoid the choice of the heel, pointy, etc. It is recommended that shoes with low heel, round head, shoelaces or magic stickers be selected to facilitate the adjustment of the flaccidness of the shoes and to ensure the comfort and stability of the feet.

1. Material requirements: Selection of cotton or wooly socks, which are soft, sweaty and air-breeding. Socks of synthetic materials such as nylons are avoided because they are easy to produce static electricity and do not sweat, and can cause excessive dampness in the foot skin. 2. Appropriate sizes: Socks cannot be too tight, especially for socks, to avoid affecting blood circulation. If the socks were too tight, they formed strangulations at the ankles that prevented the blood flow back.

Foot exercise and exercise

Simple foot movement 1. Toes stretching motion: sit on a chair, with two feet flat on the ground, then toes up and down, 10 – 15 times each. Such movements increase the flexibility of toes and promote foot circulation. 2. Rotation of ankles: Sitting on a chair, raising two feet, slowly passing a clockwise and reverse-clockwise spinning of ankles, 10 – 15 laps at a time. This helps to improve the circulation of blood in the lower limbs by moving ankles.

1. Appropriate time and space: the choice of flat, dry, barrier-free roads for exercise, such as the park ‘ s walkways. Avoid walking in rugged, wet or ill-lighted places. The exercise time can be chosen at 1 – 2 hours after the meal, 30 – 60 minutes per walk, adjusting the speed and distance to the state of your health. 2. Pay attention to postures: maintain the right walking posture, maintain a strong chest and moderate pace, and avoid over-heavy or over-paced. Watch the road and prevent fall or sprain.

VIII. Control of blood sugar, blood pressure and blood resin

1. Dietary management: Control of intake of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in accordance with the dietary principles of diabetes. Increased intake of dietary fibres and selection of foods with low-literation sugar indices, such as whole-wheat bread, rough rice, beans, etc. Rational allocation of three meals to avoid excessive post-eating blood sugar. 2. Drug treatment: the timely use of sugar-reducing drugs or injection of insulin, as prescribed by the doctor. Blood sugar, including empty abdominal sugar, post-eating blood sugar and sugared haemoglobin, is regularly monitored, and the treatment programme is adapted to the changes in blood sugar to keep it within the target range. In general, sugared haemoglobin should be controlled at less than 7%.

1. Periodic measurement: Diabetes patients should regularly measure blood pressure and it is recommended to measure at least 1-2 times a week. If blood pressure is unstable, the number of measurements should be increased. 2. Treatment: If blood pressure is above normal range (condensed thorium 140mmHg and/or suffocated thorium 90mmHg) the pressure relief shall be taken under the direction of a doctor. Blood pressure can be controlled by means of dietary control (reduced sodium salt intake, increased potassium intake, etc.), exercise and medication, and can be controlled below 130/80 mmHg.

1. Dietary adjustment: reduced intake of saturated fatty acid and cholesterol, such as reduced consumption of animal internal organs, fried food, etc. Increased intake of unsaturated fatty acid, such as olive oil, fish oil, etc. 2. Drug treatment: In cases of haemoglobin abnormality, the use of lipid-reducing drugs, such as carpentine, beta-type drugs, etc., under the direction of a physician, is based on the type of haemoglobin (e.g., high cholesterol, high glycerine, etc.) in order to reduce haemolipacin levels and to prevent the sclerosis and development of the artery.

Psychological care

The mental problems of the diabetic pediatric pediatric pediatric pediatrics are prone to anxiety, depression, and so on, because of the long period of suffering from the disease, coupled with concerns about foot development. These sentiments may affect the patient ‘ s treatment dependence and quality of life, and may even aggravate the condition. For example, anxiety can lead to a deterioration in the quality of the patient ‘ s sleep, affecting the recovery of the body, and depression can lead to a loss of confidence in treatment and lack of cooperation with care and treatment.

1. Family support: the family must give the patient adequate care and support, listen to the patient ‘ s voice, and give the patient warmth and support. Encourage patients to be active in the face of disease and help them build confidence in overcoming it. 2. Psychological guidance: Patients can communicate with health-care personnel or psychologists to understand the treatment and care of diabetes and to eliminate fear and misunderstanding of the disease. The patient ‘ s mental state may be used by medical personnel to provide targeted psychological counselling to alleviate the patient ‘ s negative mood.

X. REGULAR ACCESS AND REVIEW

Regular medical visits

Diabetes patients should be treated in a timely manner if they find any anomalies in their feet, such as slight swelling, pain, abnormal feelings, etc. Do not deal with it or delay it in order not to deteriorate. Even if there is no apparent problem with the foot, a regular foot examination should be carried out at the hospital, as recommended by the doctor, and a full foot assessment should normally be conducted every three to six months.

1. Foot examination: The doctor will again conduct a detailed foot examination, including appearance, perception, angiogeneity, etc., comparing the results of the previous examination with an assessment of the health of the foot. 2. Related examinations: At the same time, the patient may need to be examined for blood sugar, sugared haemoglobins, blood pressure, blood resin, etc., to see how these indicators are controlled. If there is an ulcer in the foot, there is also a need for blood routines, C reaction protein, etc., to assess if there is an infection. Based on the results of the examination, the doctor adjusts the treatment and care programme.

Conclusions

Diabetes-rich day-to-day care is a systematic and nuanced exercise that requires high priority from patients and their families. From routine foot check-ups, clean-up care, to shoe-and-shoe selection, exercise, disease surveillance and psychological care, there is a strong link, and any oversight of any link can lead to serious consequences. Through scientific and normative daily care, diabetes is effectively prevented and developed, the quality of life of diabetes patients is improved and the harm caused by diabetes is reduced. It is hoped that the vast majority of diabetics will acquire this knowledge of care and be active in the daily care of diabetes.

Diabetes.