Attention to chronic bronchitis in the elderly and prevention and treatment are key

The prevention and treatment of chronic bronchitis, which is a common chronic disease in old age, has a serious impact on the quality of life and health of older persons. The incidence of chronic bronchitis is increasing as age increases, the respiratory function of older persons is declining and chronically affected by a variety of causes. Knowledge of their response is essential to alleviate the suffering of older persons and improve the quality of life. II. The causes of chronic bronchitis among older persons (i) long-term hazards of smoking: smoking is one of the most important causes of chronic bronchitis. Harmful substances such as nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide in tobacco can damage respiratory mucous membranes, reduce fibre-fluorinated motion and reduce respiratory self-purification. Older people who smoke for long periods of time, bronchial mucous membrane is constantly irritated, mucous genre increases, is prone to inflammation and has long developed into chronic bronchitis. Data expression: Studies show that smokers are several times more likely to have chronic bronchitis than non-smokers. The higher the smoking rate and the longer it takes, the higher the risk of disease. For example, the risk of chronic bronchitis increases significantly among older persons who smoke more than 20 cigarettes a day. (ii) Outdoor air pollution: Older people are exposed to contaminated air for long periods of time, such as industrial exhaust, car tail gas, dust, etc., and the harmful components of these pollutants can stimulate respiratory mucous membranes and give rise to inflammatory reactions. Especially in areas with frequent haze weather, fine particles in the air (PM2.5) can go deep into the respiratory tract and lungs, increasing damage to bronchial tubes. Indoor pollution: Indoor air pollution should also not be overlooked. The smoke from burning coal, wood and cooking, as well as the release of hazardous substances such as formaldehyde and benzene from the refurbishing materials, can be a contributing factor to chronic bronchitis. In addition, poor ventilation in the indoor environment leads to the accumulation of these pollutants and increases the risk of disease. (iii) Infecting factor viruses and bacteria: older persons are relatively weak in their physical resistance and are vulnerable to the impact of viruses (e.g., influenza virus, gland virus, etc.) and bacteria (e.g., pneumococcus, grapes, etc.). Repeated respiratory infections lead to damage to the bronchial mucous membrane, and inflammation continues, leading to chronic bronchitis. For example, in the flu season, the failure of older persons to receive timely and effective treatment for their influenza virus can cause bronchitis and increase the incidence of chronic bronchitis. Subgeneral infections: Pneumonia styrene infections are also more common among older persons and can cause chronic inflammation of bronchial mucous membranes, which can lead to repeated or aggravated conditions. (iv) Aging of the organism and a decline in the immune capacity: As age increases, the respiratory physiology of the elderly is declining. The bronchial mucous membranes and mucous glands are shrinking, the function of the genre is decreasing and the mechanisms for the defence of the respiratory tract are weakening. At the same time, changes in lung tissue elasticity and respiratory muscle function have made older persons more vulnerable to pathological factors. Immunosuppressive functions: The immune system of older persons is also declining, the activity and number of immune cells such as T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes are decreasing, and the level of immunoglobins is decreasing, resulting in the body ‘ s resistance to pathogens, vulnerability to infection, and inducing chronic bronchitis. III. Symptoms of chronic bronchitis in the elderly (i) Cough characteristics: Long-term, repeated cough is the main symptom of chronic bronchitis. In general, the morning cough is heavy and the sleep is covered with cough or stutter. Initial cough may be light, and the frequency and extent of cough may increase as the condition evolves. Coughs are mostly irritating dry cough or are accompanied by a small amount of white mucus, which increases when co-infected and can become mucous sepsis. Impact factors: Seasonal changes, cold air irritation, smoking, sports, etc. can induce or exacerbate coughing. For example, in cold winters, when older persons go out, cold air stimulates respiratory tracts, making cough symptoms more visible. (ii) The nature of coughing fluids: patients usually have coughing symptoms, which are generally white mucus and slurry foams, with occasional blood. This is due to the inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bronchial tube and the increase in the glucose gland, which is accompanied by submersible blooding, seepage, etc., which forms a sap. Changes: During acute onset, the aqueous fluids may become thicker and more numerous, for example because of bacterial infections, and the colours can become yellow or yellow green. Long-term coughing can affect the quality of life of older persons, leading to reduced appetite and inadequate sleep. (iii) Mechanisms for breathing or rushing: Some older persons suffer from chronic bronchitis accompanied by asthma symptoms. This is due to bronchial convulsions, narrowness, and a reduction in the elasticity of the pulmonary tissue, which hinders the flow of gas into and out of the lungs. After the activity, air-emergency symptoms become more apparent due to increased body demand for oxygen and limited ventilation. Expressions: Patients can feel short and hard to breathe, and in serious cases they can breathe even in a state of rest. The level of breathing varies from person to person, and older persons with more severe conditions may need long-term use of drugs such as bronchial expansion agents to alleviate symptoms. IV. The importance of prevention of chronic bronchitis among older persons (i) cessation of smoking and avoidance of second-hand smoking: For older smokers, smoking cessation is the most important measure to prevent and control chronic bronchitis. After the cessation of smoking, the damage to the mucous membrane in the respiratory tract will gradually decrease, and it is expected that the mucous motor function will be restored, the mucous genre will be reduced and the inflammation response reduced. Even older people who smoke for long periods of time can, to some extent, slow down the development of the disease after they quit. Avoiding second-hand smoke: at the same time, efforts should be made to prevent older persons from being in second-hand smoke. Second-hand smoke also contains a large number of harmful substances, causing damage to the respiratory tracts of older persons. Where smokers are present in the family, they should, to the extent possible, smoke outdoors to reduce the impact on the elderly. (ii) Improvement of ambient air quality outdoor protection: In high air pollution weather, such as haze, older persons should minimize outing. If necessary, protective masks can be worn to reduce inhalation of pollutants. In addition, Governments and society should strengthen air pollution management and reduce emissions from industrial and car exhaust. Indoor environment optimization: keeping indoor air fresh, frequent window-opening, at least 2 – 3 ventilations per day for about 30 minutes each. Air cleaners are used to effectively filter pollutants such as dust and smoke in air. In winter, when heating or cooking, use as much clean energy as possible to reduce smoke generation. At the same time, care should be taken to regulate indoor humidity and to maintain the appropriate humidity (usually 40-60 per cent), which contributes to respiratory health. (iii) Improved physical immunity and healthy lifestyles: Encourage older persons to maintain healthy lifestyles, including balanced diet, adequate exercise, adequate sleep, etc. Foods rich in protein, vitamins and minerals, such as skinny meat, fish, eggs, fresh vegetables and fruits, should be consumed more in the diet. An appropriate amount of exercise can enhance the breathing muscles and lung function of older persons, such as walking, Tai Chi, eight bands, etc., but with attention to the strength and frequency of the exercise and to avoid overwork. Ensuring adequate sleep contributes to increased body immunity. Vaccination: Older persons can be vaccinated against influenza, pneumonia, etc. according to their own circumstances. Influenza vaccine can effectively prevent influenza virus infections and reduce respiratory diseases caused by influenza. Pneumonia vaccine reduces the risk of pneumonia and is particularly important for older persons suffering from chronic bronchitis. It is generally recommended that older persons be vaccinated against influenza before the flu season, and that pneumonia vaccines be administered in due course, on the basis of medical advice. (iv) Actively combat respiratory infections by taking care of personal hygiene: older persons need to develop good hygiene habits, wash their hands, avoid touching their mouths and noses and reduce the transmission of viruses and bacteria. Mask can be worn in high-prevalence or heavily populated locations. Timely treatment of infections: When signs of respiratory infections, such as cough, fever, aldicarb, are detected in older persons, they should be treated in a timely manner. Early treatment can effectively control the infection and prevent its progression to chronic bronchitis. V. Treatment of chronic bronchitis in the elderly (i) control of infections during acute onset: Select the appropriate antibiotics according to the pathogen type and the results of the sensitive tests. The common pathogens are streptococcus, haemophilus influenzae, etc. The commonly used antibiotics include Amosicillin, furcin, etc. In the case of serious cases or in-hospital infections, higher levels of antibiotics, such as quinone, may be required. However, in the use of antibiotics, care should be taken about the liver and kidney function of older persons and to avoid adverse drug reactions. Cough control: The use of cough control drugs to mitigate symptoms. Patients who have dry cough with no or low sips are given the option of accelerants such as the right methadone, or, if the sap fluid is larger and sticky, accelerants such as ammonia bromine and ammonium chloride may be used to facilitate the discharge of the sap. At the same time, older persons should be encouraged to drink more water and dilute their saplings, which would facilitate coughing. Pasal therapy: Elderly persons with asthma symptoms can use bronchial expansionants, such as salbutamol, ammonium tea alkalis, to mitigate bronchal convulsions and improve gas ducting. For patients with more severe conditions, sugar cortex hormones, such as the follicidal inhalation of Budined, may be required, but the use of sugar cortex hormones, such as osteoporosis and increased blood sugar, requires close observation. (ii) Rehabilitation exercise during palliative care: During the mitigation period, older persons can exercise their respiratory function, such as lip and abdominal breathing. Inhalation means shut up and breathe through the nose, and then respiration slowly, which is about two times the time of inhalation. Abdominal respiration means abdominal rise while inhaling and abdominal fall when exhale. These respiratory exercises enhance respiratory muscles, improve respiratory efficiency and reduce respiratory distress symptoms. At the same time, appropriate physical exercise, such as walking, Tai Chi Fist, and so on, continues to be maintained and improved in the lungs. Immunisation: Some immunosuppressive drugs or health products, such as mammograms, transfer factors, etc., can be used appropriately, subject to medical guidance. In addition, continued healthy lifestyles, balanced diets and the prevention of respiratory infections are essential to reduce relapse. In general, the response to chronic bronchitis among older persons requires a combination of multiple factors. The risk of morbidity can be reduced through proactive preventive measures, and timely treatment after the disease can alleviate symptoms, reduce acute symptoms and improve the quality of life of older persons and provide them with an old age.