Of the many great achievements of modern medicine, anaesthesia undoubtedly holds a prominent place. Anaesthesia not only provides a painless environment for the operation, diagnosis and treatment process, but also ensures the accuracy and safety of the operation. However, how does an narcotic drug work and how does it metabolize and excrete in the body? This paper will take you on a fantastic journey of narcotic drugs, from their mechanisms to metabolism, to a full interpretation of the mystery of narcotic drugs.
I. Mechanisms for the functioning of narcotic drugs
In accordance with their scope of operation, the substance is divided into whole-body and local anesthesia. Their mechanisms of action vary, but they are designed to disrupt or reduce the transmission of neurological impulses, depriving patients of pain and awareness.
1. Local anaesthesia: Local anaesthesia mainly acts as a local neurotransmittance, which causes anaesthesia in the disturbed neurodynamic areas by disrupting the occurrence and transmission of neurotic impulses. This process is carried out mainly by reducing the penetration of the nerve membrane to the sodium ion and by preventing the generation and transfer of the movement level. Local anaesthesia can act on nerve tails, neurological dryness, neurological shrubs or spinal nerves and achieve a precise anaesthesia by local injection or regional retardation.
2. The whole-body anesthesia: the whole-body anesthesia, through its effects on the central nervous system, especially the cerebral cortex, has a wide-ranging inhibition effect, leading to a general loss of consciousness and pain. Full-body anesthesia can inhibit the excretion of the cortex of the brain, leaving the patient in a state of deep sleep and not responding to external irritation. This process involves the interaction of several neurotransmitters and receptors, such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors and N-methyl-D-NMDA receptors. The whole-body anesthesia also has a powerful anal effect and can disrupt the transmission and treatment of pain signals, while causing the patient to forget about it, leaving the patient without memory of the operation.
Metabolism and excretion of narcotic drugs
After the operation, the substance is gradually metabolized and excreted in the body. The metabolic patterns of narcotic drugs vary according to specific drug types, but the liver and kidneys are the main metabolic and excretion organs.
1. Liver metabolism: The liver is the main place for drug metabolism. Many narcotic drugs, such as Lidocaine, Bubikain, Proppol, etc., are hydrolysed, oxidized or methified in the liver. These metabolites are usually less toxic and more easily excreted from the kidneys.
2. Renal excretion: The kidney is responsible for the excretion of metabolites and non-delegated drugs. Metabolites of narcotic drugs, such as ammonium ethyl phenylacetic acid, hydroxylic acid and phenylacetic acid, are excreted through urine. Renal excretion is essential to maintain the concentration and removal rate of the substance in the body.
Types and applications of narcotic drugs
The variety of narcotic drugs can be divided into inhaled and intravenous drugs, depending on their characteristics and the manner in which they are given.
Inhalation of anaesthesia: Inhalation of anaesthesia enters the body through the respiratory tract, e.g., heptafluorones, fluorones, del fluorine, etc. They mainly function in the central nervous system, producing sedation, pain and muscle laxity. Inhalation of anaesthesia has the advantage of being effective, efficient, easy to control and is widely applied to the whole body.
2. An intravenous anaesthesia: An intravenous anaesthesia is administered through an intravenous injection, such as propol, cylon, fentanyl, etc. They also function in the central nervous system, producing sedation, pain and muscle laxity. Intravenous anesthesia has the advantage of being effective, having a short time of operation and being easy to regulate, and is applied to whole-body anesthesia and short-term surgery.
Attention to narcotic drugs
Narcotic drugs play an important role in the field of medicine, but use requires special attention to dosage control, vital signs monitoring and individualized drugs. Excessive use of narcotic drugs may cause serious complications, such as respiratory inhibition and circulatory failure, and it is therefore necessary to strictly control the dose according to the patient ‘ s specific circumstances and type of operation. In the course of anaesthesia, the vital signs and the depth of anaesthesia of the patient need to be closely monitored in order to adjust the drug dose in a timely manner and to take first aid measures. In addition, the response of patients to narcotic drugs varies from one individual to another, and individualized treatment is required depending on the patient ‘ s physical condition, age and sex.
Concluding remarks
Drugs are an integral part of modern medicine. They provide a pain-free and safe operating environment for patients by disrupting or reducing the transmission of neurological impulses. However, the use of narcotic drugs also requires caution, strict dose control, close monitoring of vital signs and individualization of the drug according to the specific circumstances of the patient. It is to be hoped that this presentation will provide a better understanding of the mystery of narcotic drugs and provide an additional source of comfort and security for the way forward.
