Colorectal cancer is a common malignant tumor, and its treatment methods mainly include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy and so on. However, while these treatments play an anti-tumor role, they may also bring some adverse reactions. Effective management of adverse reactions is essential to improve the quality of life of patients and ensure the smooth progress of treatment. 1. Adverse reactions and management of surgical treatment 1. Postoperative pain • Manifestation: Pain at the surgical incision, which can radiate to the surrounding parts. • Management measures: according to the degree of pain, give appropriate analgesic drugs, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids, etc. At the same time, multi-modal analgesia can be used, including local anesthesia, patient-controlled analgesia and other methods. Encourage patients to move early to promote blood circulation and reduce pain. 2. Infection • Manifestations: The surgical incision is red, swollen, painful, with exudate, and may be accompanied by systemic symptoms such as fever. • Management measures: strictly abide by the principle of aseptic operation and strengthen the nursing of surgical incision. For patients with infection, antibiotics should be given in time, and antibiotics should be adjusted according to the results of bacterial culture and drug sensitivity test. Maintain the nutritional status of patients and enhance the immunity of the body. 3. Intestinal obstruction • Manifestations: abdominal pain, abdominal distension, vomiting, cessation of exhaust and defecation. • Management measures: fasting, gastrointestinal decompression, correction of water, electrolyte disorders and acid-base imbalance. Somatostatin and other drugs were given to reduce the secretion of gastrointestinal juice. If conservative treatment is ineffective, another operation may be needed to relieve the obstruction. 2. Adverse reactions and management of chemotherapy 1. Nausea and vomiting • Manifestations: Nausea and vomiting occur after chemotherapy, which can affect the patient’s eating and quality of life in severe cases. • Management measures: give prophylactic antiemetic drugs such as serotonin 3 receptor antagonist and dexamethasone before chemotherapy. The diet is mainly light and digestible food, avoiding greasy, spicy and stimulating food. If nausea and vomiting are severe, intravenous nutritional support can be given. 2. Bone marrow suppression • Manifestations: leukopenia, thrombocytopenia and erythrocytopenia, which can lead to complications such as infection, hemorrhage and anemia. • Management measures: Regular review of blood routine, according to the degree of cytopenia to give appropriate treatment. Leukopenia can be treated with granulocyte colony stimulating factor; thrombocytopenia can be treated with thrombopoietin and other drugs; severe anemia can be treated with blood transfusion. At the same time, patients should pay attention to rest to avoid infection and trauma. 3. Hair loss • Manifestation: Hair gradually falls off after chemotherapy, which can affect the appearance and psychological state of patients. • Management measures: explain to patients that hair loss is a common adverse reaction of chemotherapy, and hair will gradually grow back after chemotherapy. Patients may be advised to wear a wig or hat to maintain their appearance. At the same time, psychological support should be given to help patients build up confidence in overcoming the disease. 3. Adverse reactions and management of radiotherapy 1. Radiation enteritis • Manifestations: abdominal pain, diarrhea, hematochezia, etc. • Management measures: give priority to light and digestible food, and avoid spicy and stimulating food. Antidiarrheal drugs and intestinal mucosal protective agents were given. In severe cases, radiotherapy can be suspended until the symptoms are relieved. 2. Radiation cystitis • Manifestations: frequency of urination, urgency of urination, pain in urination, hematuria, etc. • Management measures: drink plenty of water and keep the urine volume adequate to reduce the symptoms of bladder irritation. Give anti-infection, hemostasis and other drug treatment. If the symptoms are serious, radiotherapy can be suspended and bladder irrigation can be carried out. 4. Adverse reactions and management of targeted therapy 1. Skin reactions • Manifestations: rash, pruritus, dry skin, etc. • Management: Keep skin clean and avoid scratching. It can be treated with topical drugs such as hormone ointment and moisturizing cream. In severe cases, anti-allergic drugs can be taken orally. 2. Hypertension • Manifestations: elevated blood pressure, accompanied by headache, dizziness and other symptoms. • Management measures: monitor blood pressure regularly and give antihypertensive drugs. At the same time, patients should pay attention to rest and avoid emotional excitement and fatigue. 3. Bleeding • Manifestations: epistaxis, gingival bleeding, hemoptysis, hematochezia, etc. • Management measures: Closely observe the bleeding and give hemostatic drug treatment. If the bleeding is serious, they should seek medical treatment in time. In conclusion, the management of adverse reactions in the treatment of colorectal cancer is a comprehensive process, which requires the joint efforts of doctors, nurses, patients and their families. In the course of treatment, the adverse reactions of patients should be closely observed, and the corresponding treatment and nursing should be given in time to improve the quality of life of patients and ensure the smooth progress of treatment. At the same time, patients should also actively cooperate with the treatment, maintain a good mentality, and establish confidence in overcoming the disease.
Rectal cancer
