Respiratory systems are an important route for gas exchange between humans and the outside environment, where, however, a wide range of pathogens and harmful substances, such as bacteria, viruses, dust, pollen, etc., exist. To counter these threats, the respiratory system has a complex and sophisticated set of immunization mechanisms.
First, the first line of defence in the respiratory system is the physical barrier. Nasal hair in the nasal cavity can prevent larger particles of dust and foreign matter from entering the respiratory tract. At the same time, the mucous surface of the respiratory membrane is covered with a slime that binds small particles and pathogens in the air. In addition, respiratory mucous membranes are constantly ejected upwards of the slime and its adhesive alien, a process known as the slime-flue removal mechanism, through the swing of the fur. This physical barrier effectively prevents most pathogens from entering their lungs and acts as a preliminary defensive action.
Secondly, the inherent immunity of the respiratory system is the second line of defence. The built-in immune system can quickly identify and respond to the invasion of pathogens. Among them, megacormic cells are an essential part of inherent immunization. They are distributed across the respiratory tract and can swallow and digest pathogens. When pathogens break the physical barrier into the respiratory tract, they quickly identify them and swallow them up, and then recruit other immunosuppressors to participate in the immune response by releasing signal molecules such as cytogens. In addition, neutral particle cells are an important force of inherent immunisation, capable of rapidly migrating to infected areas, releasing antibacterial substances and eliminating pathogens.
Natural killing cells (NK cells) also play an important role in the inherent immunity of the respiratory system. NK cells can identify and kill infected cells and oncological cells. When the virus is infected with respiratory cells, NK cells can quickly identify and attack these infected cells to prevent further spread of the virus.
In addition to inherent immunisation, the respiratory system has a strong defence of adaptive immunity. Adaptive immunisation is mainly guided by T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. When pathogens first invade the respiratory system, the immune system initiates a adaptive immune response. The antigens present cells (e.g. tree twilight cells) that present the antigens of pathogens to T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. T lymphocytes are divided into assistive T-cells and cell toxicity T-cells. The cell is capable of distilling the cytogens, activating other immunocellular cells and enhancing the immune response. Tc cells can directly kill cells infected by pathogens.
B The lymphocytes, irritated by antigens, are divided into plasma cells, producing specific antibodies. Antibodies can be combined with pathogens, rendering them inactivated or contributing to the ingestion of cells into pathogens. In addition, memory B cells and memory T cells can remain in the body long after the immune response, and when the same pathogens re-invasive, they can rapidly activate the immune response and protect the organism from infection.
The immune mechanisms of the respiratory system are also regulated by a number of factors. For example, upper-skin cells in respiratory mucous membranes are capable of distilling antibacterium and cell factors and regulating the strength and direction of the immune response. In addition, the nervous and endocrine systems can regulate the immune function of the respiratory system through signal molecules such as neurotransmitters and hormones.
However, the respiratory immune mechanism is not perfect. In some cases, the immune system may have an abnormal reaction, leading to disease. For example, allergies are the result of the immune system’s over-response to harmless allergens. When allergies enter the respiratory tract, the immune system mistakenly identifies them as pathogens and initiates the immune response, leading to respiratory inflammation and allergy. In addition, over-activation of the immune system may lead to the occurrence of self-immunological diseases, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, etc.
In sum, the respiratory immune system is a complex and sophisticated system that protects the human body from pathogens and harmful substances through multiple lines of defence, such as physical barriers, inherent and adaptive immunization. Understanding the immune mechanisms of the respiratory system helps us to better protect respiratory health and prevent and treat respiratory diseases. At the same time, care should be taken to maintain good living habits, such as a reasonable diet, adequate exercise, adequate sleep, etc., to enhance the functioning of the immune system.