Typhus is an acute infectious disease caused by rickettsia infections, mainly through arthropods such as lice, fleas or mites. Depending on the pathogen and the vector, typhus can be classified as typhus, endemic typhus and insect disease (typhus in the jungle). The disease is highly contagious and, if not treated in a timely manner, can lead to serious complications or even death. This paper will provide details of typhus symptoms and treatments to help the public to better understand and respond to the disease.
I. Symptoms of typhus
The clinical performance of typhus varies according to the type of pathogen, the route of infection and the patient ‘ s immune status, but is usually characterized by acute fever, rashes and symptoms of systemic poisoning. The following are the main symptoms of typhus in different types:
(i) Epidemic typhus
Epidemic typhus is caused by Rickettsia prowazekii, which is transmitted mainly through lice and is common in areas with poor sanitation.
Hiding period
The period of incubation is usually 7-14 days and individual cases can last up to three weeks.
Acute disease
Patients generally have a sudden fever, and the temperature rises rapidly to 39-40°C, accompanied by cold warfare, headaches, inactivity and muscular acidity.
Herpes.
After three to five days of illness, the patient had rashes, initially rose-coloured rashes, which then turned into dark red rashes, spread over the torso, limbs, but usually the face and the palm, soles of the soles of the hands were not tired.
There is a risk of haemorrhagic rash in serious cases.
Neurological symptoms
Patients are often characterized by headaches, irritation, sleeping aversion, and serious persons may suffer conceit, coma or convulsion.
Other symptoms
Symptoms of the digestive system: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain or diarrhoea.
Respiratory system symptoms: coughing, chest pain or breathing difficulties.
(ii) Local typhus
The local typhus is caused by Rickettsia typhi, mainly through fleas, which are usually mild.
Heat.
The patient has sustained high fever, accompanied by headaches, inactivity and muscular acidity.
Herpes.
The rash is less common, usually light rash, distributed between the torso and limbs.
All-body symptoms.
Symptoms are less common with typhus, usually 2-3 weeks.
(iii) Infestation (typhus in the jungle)
Infestation is caused by the Orientia tsutsugamushi (Orientia tsutsumush), which is mainly transmitted by larvae, which is common in such environments as grass and bushes.
The ulcer and the ulcer.
It’s a characteristic expression of the disease.
Heat.
The patient has sustained high fever, accompanied by cold fighting, headaches and muscular acidity.
Herpes.
After 5-7 days, there was a red rash spread over the torso and limbs.
The lymph is swollen.
Patients are often accompanied by local or whole-body lymphoma swollen and severe pain.
(iv) Serious complications
Without timely treatment, typhus can cause the following serious complications:
Cardiovascular system
Cardiacitis, low blood pressure or shock.
Neural system
Encephalitis, meningitis or neurosis in the surrounding area.
Respiratory system
Pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
Kidney failure.
Acute kidney failure may occur in serious cases.
Treatment of typhus
The treatment of typhus is based on antibiotics, combined with support for treatment and treatment of complications. Early diagnosis and timely treatment are key to reducing disease and death rates.
(i) Antibiotic treatment
Preferred drugs
Dossi cycline: The first drug of choice for typhus typhus is 100 mg for adults, once every 12 hours, usually for 7-10 days.
Chlorocin: Chlorin is available to patients who are allergic to or intolerant to docilin at an adult dose of 500 mg every six hours.
Alternative drugs
Archiccin: For pregnant women or children, the dose is adjusted for weight.
Li Fuping: As an alternative to some drug-resistant cases.
Treatment attention
Antibiotics should be used as early as possible and usually begin treatment with the best effect within 48 hours of the onset of the disease.
Symptoms should continue to be administered for at least 48 hours to prevent recurrence.
(ii) Patient support treatment
Reheating treatment
High-heat symptoms are mitigated by the use of acetaminophenol or brophens.
Avoiding the use of aspirin to prevent the risk of haemorrhage.
Remediation and electrolyte balance
In the case of patients with dehydration, the liquid and electrolyte should be replenished in a timely manner and the water and salt balance maintained.
Nutritional support
High-heat, high-protein diets are provided to enhance the physical strength and immunity of patients.
(iii) Treatment of complications
Cardiovascular support
For patients with low blood pressure or shock, the drugs of uppressure (e.g. dopamine) and rehydration can be used.
Neural system support
In the event of encephalitis or meningitis, the cranial pressure should be treated and the neurological function closely monitored.
Breath support.
For cases of pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome, oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation support is available.
Kidney function support
Severe kidney failure may require dialysis treatment.
Prevention of typhus
Preventive measures against typhus include control of the media, improved sanitation and personal protection.
(i) Control of the media
Erase lice and fleas.
Personal effects such as clothes, sheets, etc. are regularly cleaned and disinfected and insecticides are used to eliminate lice and fleas.
Control the rat.
In local areas where typhus is endemic, rat eradication efforts should be strengthened to reduce the risk of daphnia transmission.
(ii) Improved sanitation
Improving sanitation
Improve the living environment, keep it clean and dry, and reduce the breeding environment for arthropods.
Strengthening public health promotion
Public awareness of typhus and general awareness of prevention.
(iii) Personal protection
Avoiding contact with the media
In typhus-endemic areas, exposure to lice, fleas or mites is avoided, long sleeves are worn and deworms are used.
Watch your personal hygiene.
Take a bath, change clothes, keep skin clean and reduce the risk of infection.
(iv) Immunization
Epidemic typhus vaccine
Vaccination against typhus is available among high-risk populations, but the use of vaccines is currently limited.
Concluding remarks
typhus is a serious infectious disease, but through early diagnosis, standardized treatment and effective prevention, most patients can fully recover and avoid complications. The public should raise awareness of typhus, particularly in endemic areas, and take personal protection measures, timely access to and regular treatment. In the future, as public health conditions improve and vaccine development progresses, typhus control will become more efficient and provide better security for global health.
typhus.
