Analysis of aerobics of young children.
The management of the aromatic tract during anaesthesia is of a special and challenging nature because of the underdeveloped physical structure and functioning of the child. Sound and effective air-channel management is a key component of anaesthesia safety for children and is directly related to the smooth operation and the life of the sick.
I. Anatomy of the physiological characteristics of the aeropath
(i) Anatomy characteristics
1. Head and neck: The relatively large head and short neck of the baby make it easier to cause aerobic blockage when placing a position.
2. Oral and throat: Smaller, relatively large, and easy to block. tonsils and glands are often fatter in childhood, increasing the risk of air-traffic barriers.
Aqueous and bronchial tubes: Small, narrow, small diameter, soft and vulnerable. The bronchial forklift angle is different from that of adults, and the right bronchial is steeper and easily accessible to foreign objects.
(ii) Physical characteristics
1. Respiratory frequency: Children can breathe at high rates, with newborns of up to 40-60 per minute, slowing down with age. This means that respiratory storage is low during anaesthesia and is more susceptible to oxygen deficiency.
2. Oxygen consumption: Oxygen consumption per child weight is higher than that of adults, low tolerance for oxygen deficiency, and short-term air-traffic blockage can lead to severe hypooxyemia.
II. ELEMENTS FOR ANATIC ABROAT MANAGEMENT
(i) Pre-aesthesia assessment
1. Medical history collection: a detailed inquiry into the history of the deceased, including respiratory infections, asthma and congenital gastromorphosis. Information on recent respiratory conditions, if there are symptoms such as lack of breathing difficulties, cough, etc. For children with upper respiratory infections, the risk of anaesthesia is carefully assessed, as there is an increase in the likelihood of gastric convulsions and larynx complications during anaesthesia.
2. Medical examination: emphasis is placed on the examination of the aerobics of the infected child, including the examination of the mouth, throat and throat, and on the observation of the looseness of the teeth and the swelling of the tonsils. Assessing the activity of the neck and the location of the trachea and making adequate preparations for those who may have difficult airways.
(ii) Airway preparation
1. Time of fasting: Strict observance of pre-aesthesia fasting for infants to reduce the risk of backsliding and misuse. The duration of the fast varies from two to four hours for newborns and infants and four to six hours for children.
2. Decreasing of circulinants: Appropriate amounts of anticholine energy, such as atropine or long-toning, can be given prior to anaesthesia in order to reduce the excretion of oral and respiratory tracts, to maintain dry air lanes and to facilitate airway management.
(iii) Anaesthesia induction gas route management
1. Mask ventilation: Mask ventilation is an important means of maintaining open airways and oxygen supply during induction. Select a mask of the right size to ensure that the mask is well bound to the child ‘ s face to avoid leakage. The operation should be soft and avoid over-pression of facial damage. In the case of non-cooperative patients, appropriate sedatives can be used to facilitate the smoothing of masks.
2. Gas tube intubation selection: the appropriate catheter is selected according to the age, weight and type of operation of the child. The general reference formula calculates the inner diameter of the tube, such as the inner diameter (mm) = age (year)/4 + 4. At the same time, different models of catheters should be prepared to deal with possible intubation difficulties. Special circumstances, such as the presence of a narrow or deformed airway, may require the use of specially designed tubes.
III. Special circumstances in the management of anaesthesia vents and their treatment
(i) Difficult airways
1. Identification of difficult airways: In cases of anatomical abnormalities, obesity and restricted neck activity, beware of the possibility of difficult airways. This can be judged by pre-operative assessment and the performance of the induction process, e.g. face-to-face and larynx exposure difficulties.
2. Treatment measures: In the case of children suffering from difficult airways, a variety of methods can be used, such as the use of fibre bronchial lenses to guide intubation, larynx gas, reverse intubation, etc. There should also be a back-up air programme to ensure the safety of children in need.
(ii) Throat and bronchial convulsions
1. Preventive measures: Maintaining air-traffic stability during anaesthesia and avoiding irritation. Preventive measures, such as the use of bronchial expansion agents, are required for children with asthma history or allergies.
2. Method of treatment: In the event of larynx or bronchial convulsion, the irritation shall cease immediately, the anaesthesia shall be deepened and a pure oxygen inhalation shall be given. In serious cases, muscular laxants may be used, and emergency bronchial intubation or membrane perforation may be necessary.
The aerobics of children is a complex and critical task, requiring an anesthetologist to be fully aware of the anatomical physiological characteristics of the aerobics, to perform pre-aesthetic assessments, air preparation, induction and maintenance, as well as to manage the aerobics during awakening, while being able to deal with special circumstances in order to ensure the safe and smooth operation of the anesthesia.
Anaesthesia.
