Antibacterial drugs are one of the types of drugs that can suppress or kill bacteria and play an extremely important role in the medical field. They play different functions and are designed to control infections by interfering with the biological processes of bacteria.
Bacteria walls are like the bacteria’ “fortress walls”, protecting bacterial cells. And certain antibacterial drugs, such as penicillin and headgillin, can inhibit the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. The structure of these drugs is similar to that of the substrates needed in the process of the synthesis of bacterial cell walls, and they can be combined with the key enzymes of synthetic cell walls, which do not function properly and hinder cell wall synthesis. Without the support of a complete cell wall, bacterial cells are deformed, fractured and eventually killed by internal permeation pressure. It is like a castle that is being built, and when the supply of critical building materials is cut, the walls cannot be completed and the castle collapses without external pressure.
Protein is an important implementer of bacterial activities, and the process of synthesis is essential for the survival and reproduction of bacteria. Antibacterials such as amino sugar slurry, tetracyclics and Clocin act in the protein synthesis of bacteria. Some of them combine with specific parts of the bacterial nuclei, interfere with the nuclei ‘ s interpretation of the courier RNA, mixing the wrong amino acid sequence into synthetic proteins, leading to abnormal protein functions; others prevent the nuclei from moving along the mRNA, thus stalling protein synthesis. This is like interfering with or preventing the normal functioning of production lines on a production line, which ultimately produces “discrete” and bacteria cannot rely on these abnormal proteins to sustain normal life activities.
The bacteria’ DNA carries its genetic information and controls its growth, reproduction and various physiological functions. Antibacterial quinone-like drugs can inhibit the activity of bacterial DNA by increasing the activity of the isomerase, which plays a key regulatory role in the reproduction, transfer and restoration of DNA. When DNA expands the isomer enzyme, there’s confusion about the process of replicating and reproducing bacteria, new DNA is not properly synthesized, and bacteria cannot reproduce. Imaged as the destruction of the core machine in the bacteria’ “genetic reproduction plant”, the plant was unable to function properly and the bacteria’ progeny programme was disrupted.
Folic acid is a material necessary for the synthesis of nucleic acids in bacteria, and sulfamide-type drugs and the mechanism for the operation of methoxazine are associated with the metabolic pathways of folic acid in bacteria. The structure of sulfamide-type drugs is similar to that of aminophenate, which is competitively inhibiting the synthesis of dihydrofolic enzymes and preventing the bacteria from synthesising dihydrofolic acids, while oxyoxin inhibits dihydrofolic reduction enzymes and prevents the recovery of dihydrofolic acids into tetrahydrofolic acids. As a result, bacteria are unable to synthesize enough nucleic acid due to lack of folic acid, and growth and reproduction are inhibited. It can be understood as cutting off the “supply line” of raw materials for the production of nucleic acids in bacteria, which are difficult to continue growing because of “insufficiency”.
Antibacterial drugs function in a variety of ways, effectively inhibiting or killing bacteria and helping the human body to defeat bacterial infections by precisely combating key links such as cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, DNA reproduction and transfer, and folic acid metabolism. However, with the widespread use of antibacterial drugs, bacteria are also evolving to produce resistance. Therefore, the rational use of antibacterial drugs and the avoidance of abuse are essential to maintaining the effectiveness of antibacterial drugs and safeguarding human health.
