Antibacterial infection analysis for blood dialysis patients
Hemodialysis, HD is a common treatment for end-of-life patients with End-Stage Renal Disease, ESRD, which mechanically removes metabolic waste and excess water from the body. However, blood dialysis patients are vulnerable to a variety of infections, especially antibacterial infections, due to, inter alia, low immune functions and frequent vascular routing. Not only do these infections increase the pain and treatment costs of patients, they can also lead to serious complications and even endanger lives. This paper will examine in detail the causes, clinical performance, diagnostic methods, treatment strategies and preventive measures for blood dialysis patients.
1. Immunological deficiencies: Persons with terminal kidneys are themselves less immune and vulnerable to bacterial infections. Anticondensants used during dialysis may further inhibit immune functions. 2. Angioplasm:
Blood dialysis requires the establishment of vascular dialysis, with common AVFs, AVCs and Central Venous Catheter. Frequent piercing and maintenance operations increase the risk of infection. The most common types of vascular infections are those associated with catheters, especially CVC. 3. Pollution of dialysis equipment: Pollution of dialysis machines and dialysis machines is another important source of infection. Irregular operating and disinfection procedures may lead to bacteria entering the blood cycle. 4. Hospital access to sexual infection:
Blood dialysis patients are often hospitalized and treated out of the hospital, and are easily exposed to drug-resistant bacteria in hospital settings. Cross-infection and intra-institutional transmission are common problems.
1. Local infections: Angiogenesis: local swelling, pain, increase in genres. Infects at the catheter export: red edema, leachate, pain. 2. All-body infections: Heat: continuous or intermittent fever with body temperature exceeding 38°C. Cold War: With Cold War, all-body infections. Powerlessness: weakness, fatigue. White cell count increases: regular blood tests see white cell count increases. 3. Special area infections: pneumonia: cough, cough, respiratory difficulties. Utility: frequency, urgency, pain. Perimenitis: abdominal pain, abdominal swelling, vomiting. Sepsis: severe overall symptoms such as high heat, low blood pressure, blurred consciousness.
1. Medical history and medical examination: a detailed inquiry into the history of the disease, in particular the history of dialysis treatment, the recent history of infection and the history of use of medication. Local and whole-body examinations are conducted to detect signs of infection such as red and edema, pain and secretions. Laboratory inspection: Blood routine: white cell count and classification, assessment of inflammatory response. Bleeding: Multiple haemorrhagic cultivation is the gold standard for the diagnosis of infection in blood dialysis patients, and it is recommended that at least three blood samples be taken before antibacterial drugs are used. C Reacting Protein (CRP) and Blood Sediment (ESR): Rising Inflammatory Response. Part of the Department ‘ s genre culture: collection of genres from the vascular route and the catheter export service, bacterial training and drug-sensitization tests. 3. Visual examinations: X-rays: assessment of lung infections. Ultrasound: Assessment of peritonealitis, sepsis, etc. CT and MRI: When necessary, used to assess complex infections such as deep sepsis, osteoporosis, etc.
1. Antibacterial treatment: Empirical treatment: selection of broad-scale antibacterial drugs based on the area of infection and common fungi. For example, in the case of vascular tract infections, the option is to use a combination of vancocin. Target treatment: Antibacterial drugs adapted to blood culture and drug sensitivity tests. For example, if blood cultures are shown to be golden fungus, it can be converted to phenolin or peptylin. Treatment: In general, IVDs are available for 2-4 weeks, if necessary, up to more than 6 weeks. 2. Local treatment: Angiogenesis: removing the infection catheter, if necessary, and re-establishing a new vascular route. Control export service infection: local creation, use of antibacterial ointment and removal of catheters if necessary. Support for treatment: Refilling and electrolyte balance: maintenance of hydrolytic balance and prevention of dehydration and electrolyte disorders. Nutritional support: provision of high protein, high-calorie diets to enhance body resistance. Treatment of disorders: The use of deheating painkillers to alleviate fever and pain. 4. Dialysis treatment adjustment: Temporary dialysis route: use of temporary dialysis route to avoid further contamination before infection is controlled. dialysis choice: Select the appropriate dialysis to avoid aggravated infection, depending on the infection.
1. Strengthening sterile operations: dialysis: dialysis in strict compliance with sterile protocols to reduce the risk of infection. Angiogeneity maintenance: periodic examination and maintenance of angiogenesis to avoid perforation. 2. Rational use of antibacterial drugs: preventive drugs: rational use of preventive antibacterial drugs before and after high-risk operations. Avoiding abuse: Avoiding unnecessary and long-term use of broad spectrum antibiotics and reducing the generation of drug-resistant bacteria. 3. Improving patient self-management capacity: Education: educating patients about dialysis and improving their self-management capacity. Personal hygiene: maintenance of clean dialysis and regular replacement of dressing. 4. Environmental management: hospital environment: maintenance of dialysis rooms clean and ventilated and regular disinfection. Handi-sanitation: Both health-care providers and patients are required to strictly enforce the hygiene regulations.
Antibacterial infections in blood dialysis patients are a complex clinical problem that involves multiple causes and factors. Timely diagnosis and reasonable treatment are key to improving patient prognosis. Accurate diagnosis of anti-bacterial infections can be achieved through a combination of medical history collection, medical examination, laboratory examination and visual examination. Sound antibacterial treatment, local treatment and support for treatment are important measures of treatment. In addition, the strengthening of sterile operations, the rational use of antibacterial drugs, the improvement of patient self-management capabilities and improved environmental management are effective means of preventing antibacterial infections. Future research should further explore more effective methods of prevention and treatment to improve the quality of life and survival of patients with haemodialysis.
