Introduction
Indigent tract infections are more common in primary health-care institutions and can be caused by a variety of pathogens, with a certain proportion of viral infections. With the development of medicine, anti-viral drugs are becoming an important tool for the treatment of digestive tract infections. However, at the grass-roots level, the correct and rational application of antiretroviral drugs faces many challenges and issues that require attention. Understanding the characteristics and application of anti-viral drugs is important for improving the treatment of digestive tract infections, reducing complications and avoiding drug abuse.
II. Types of viruses common to digestive tract infections and their causes
(i) Norus virus
The NORI virus is one of the common pathogens causing acute gastrointestinal inflammation. It is transmitted mainly by faeces-students, with the infection replicating within the skin cells of the tiny intestinal mucous membranes, resulting in cytological damage and inflammation, which in turn gives rise to symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and abdominal pain. The virus is highly contagious and prone to outbreaks in densely populated areas such as schools, kindergartens, etc.
(ii) Round viruses
Rotal viruses are also important viruses that cause diarrhoea in infants and young children. When the virus enters the skin cell of the small intestinal velvet, it destroys the normal structure and functioning of the cell and affects the intestine absorption of moisture and electrolytics, leading to diarrhoea, often associated with heat and vomiting. Rotal virus infections are higher in autumn and winter and can cause complications such as dehydration and electrolytic disorders in serious cases.
(iii) The gland virus
Some gland virus serotypes can cause gastrointestinal infections, especially among children. The inflammation of the intestinal mucous membrane can be caused by a gland virus, as shown by diarrhoea, abdominal pain, fever, etc., which is relatively long and the symptoms vary.
III. Common antiviral drugs and their effects characteristics
(i) Libavirin
Libaverin is a wide spectrum antivirus that inhibits multiple RNAs and DNA viruses. Its mechanism of action is mainly to stop the replicability of the virus by inhibiting the synthesis of the virus ‘ s nucleic acid. In digestive tract infections, some of the RNA virus infections may have some therapeutic effect. However, there are more side effects in Libaverin, such as possible anaemia, reduction of white cells, discomfort in the gastrointestinal tract, and teratogenic effects, which are banned for pregnant women and therefore require careful trade-offs in their use at the grass-roots level.
(ii) Azurove
Azulové is mainly used to treat herpes virus infections, with better inhibition of herpes and pox-carcer herpes. By interfering with the activity of the virus DNA polymerase, it inhibits the synthesis of the virus DNA. Although simple herpes-related infections are less common in digestive tracts, the Achailove can play a role in clearly diagnosed in the digestive tracts associated with herpes. The adverse effects are relatively low in Azelove, but long-term or large-dose use may have an impact on liver and kidney function, and at the grass-roots level, care is needed to monitor the liver and kidney function of the patient.
iii) More Lowell
The antivirus spectrum in the old Lowell is similar to that in the Achlove, but it is more effective for megacell viruses. More recently, Louvai may be an effective treatment option when patients with low immunosuppressive function are infected with the digestive tracts associated with megacell viruses. However, negative effects, such as bone marrow marrow inhibition, are more apparent, and use requires close observation of changes in the patient ‘ s blood patterns and other indicators, generally less used in primary health-care facilities, more for patients with more serious conditions and with clear drug indications, and are applied under the direction of higher-level hospitals.
(iv) Ostawe
Ostawe is a neurosamate inhibitor, mainly for influenza A and B virus infections. In the case of digestive tract infections, in the case of gastrointestinal symptoms caused by influenza viruses, Ostave can be used within 24 – 48 hours of the onset of the disease in order to mitigate the symptoms and reduce the rate. Ostawe has a better tolerance, common adverse effects are gastrointestinal reactions such as nausea and vomiting, and there may be some overlap with the symptoms of indigestion, which needs to be explained to the patient when used.
IV. Principles and Care for the Application of Antiviral Drugs in Primary Health Care Institutions
(i) Clear diagnosis
Pathogens should be identified as far as possible before antivirals are used. In the case of digestive tract infections, the blind use of antiviral drugs on the basis of symptoms alone requires a combination of epidemiological history, clinical performance and the necessary laboratory tests (e.g., excreta virus testing) to determine whether the infection is a virus or a specific type of virus, in order to select targeted antiviral drugs and avoid unnecessary use of drugs and substance abuse.
(ii) Adaptiveness
Different antivirals have their specific adaptations, and primary medical personnel should be familiar with the scope of application of various antivirals. For example, most self-restricted viral infections (e.g., non-virus, rotavirus infections, etc.) are generally based on treatment support for the disease, as there are no specific antiviral drugs available and most of these virus infections are self-healing. The use of appropriate antiviral drugs is considered for patients with defined infections such as herpes virus and influenza virus, who are more seriously ill or at risk of complications.
(iii) Reasonable dosage and treatment
Antiviral drugs are used strictly in accordance with the doses and treatments recommended in the drug instructions or the relevant guidelines. Inadequate drug use may affect the efficacy of treatment and lead to viral resistance; overdose increases the risk of adverse reactions. For example, when Ostawe is used to treat influenza, the doses are different for adults and children, and an accurate dose based on weight is required, generally for a period of five days. Medical staff at the primary level are required to carefully check the dosage in the course of the drug use to ensure its accuracy.
(iv) Concern about the adverse effects of drugs
During the use of anti-virus drugs, the patient ‘ s response is closely observed and the adverse effects of the drug are detected and addressed in a timely manner. In the case of the use of Libaverin, blood routines are regularly checked for anemia, reduction of white cells, etc., and liver and kidney functions are monitored in the case of the use of Azurove and ex-Lowe. In the case of patients with adverse effects, appropriate measures should be taken in accordance with the severity of the adverse effects, such as the adjustment of the dose of the drug, the withdrawal of the drug or the treatment of the disease.
(v) Joint drug use
In general, the use of a conventional combination of antiviral drugs for the treatment of digestive tract infections is not recommended, unless there is clear evidence to support the need for joint use. Joint drug use may increase the incidence of adverse drug responses and the risk of drug interaction, and a single, effective antiviral treatment programme is now more common and safe for most digestive virus infections.
(vi) Drugs for special population groups
For special groups such as children, pregnant women, breastfeeding women, the elderly and poor liver and kidneys, greater care is needed in the use of antiviral drugs. Children ‘ s drug doses usually need to be calculated accurately on the basis of age and weight; pregnant and lactating women should avoid, to the extent possible, the use of drugs that may have adverse effects on the foetus or the baby, such as Libavirin; older persons suffer from reduced liver and kidney function and reduced drug metabolic and excretion capacity, and dosage may require appropriate adjustment and enhanced monitoring of adverse reactions.
Conclusions
Antiviral drugs play an important role in the treatment of digestive tract infections in primary health-care institutions, but must be used with caution, based on a clear diagnosis, adaptability and rational use. Medical staff at the primary level should continue to improve their knowledge of anti-viral drugs, improve their own operations, develop individualized treatment programmes tailored to the specific situation of the patient, ensure the safety and soundness of the drug while effectively treating digestive tract infections, provide quality medical care to the patient and promote its early recovery. At the same time, it is important to increase awareness of preventive measures, such as food hygiene and hand-washing, in order to reduce the incidence of digestive tract infections.
