Application of antiviral drugs to treat respiratory infections
Introduction
Upper respiratory infections are one of the most common diseases in humans, with high rates of morbidity, irritating the nasal cavity, throat or throat, mostly caused by viruses. In clinical treatment, the rational application of antiviral drugs is important for the mitigation of symptoms, reduction of pathology and reduction of complications.
II. Type of virus with upper respiratory infections
There is a wide variety of viruses that cause upper respiratory infections, with common nose viruses, coronal viruses, influenza viruses, sub-influenza viruses, gland viruses, respiratory combination viruses, etc. Infections caused by different viruses may vary in clinical behaviour and epidemiological characteristics. For example, influenza virus infections tend to be acute, with all-body symptoms such as high heat, headaches and lack of strength evident, while nose virus infections are mostly characterized by local symptoms such as flue aldicarb and nasal plugs.
Classification and functioning mechanisms of anti-viral drugs
(i) Neural aminoase inhibitors
These drugs are used mainly for the treatment of influenza virus infections, representing Ostawe, Zanamwe, etc. The neurosamate enzyme of the influenza virus plays a key role in the reproduction and transmission of the virus. By inhibiting the activity of the enzyme, neurosamate inhibitors prevent the influenza virus from being released from infected cells, thereby reducing the spread of the virus in the body. The rapid internal absorption of Ostawe after oral treatment is an effective deterrent to influenza virus A and B, which can be used by flu patients within 24 – 48 hours of the onset of the disease and can significantly reduce the symptoms, the pathology and the incidence of complications. Zanamwe, for its part, has a direct effect on the part of the respiratory tract, mainly by inhalation, and has a strong inhibition on the influenza virus.
(ii) M2 Ion tunnel retardants
This drug is represented by both alkaline and ethylamine, which mainly act as an M2 ion channel for influenza virus A. The replicability of the virus is inhibited by inhibiting the functioning of the M2 ion channel to prevent the release of the virus dehuming and its nucleic acid. However, with the emergence of a strain of influenza virus resistance, the clinical application of such drugs has been limited, especially with regard to type B influenza virus.
(iii) Nuclear-type drugs
Libavirin is a wide spectrum antiviral drug that inhibits multiple RNAs and DNA viruses. Its mechanism of action is mainly to interfere with the reproduction of the virus by inhibiting certain key enzymes in the synthesis of the virus ‘ s nucleic acid. There has been some success in treating respiratory hysteria virus infections, which can be treated with drugs such as mist inhalation, which can reduce respiratory symptoms in patients, especially for children with respiratory hysteria and pneumonia. There are, however, some side effects, such as anemia, inactivity, etc., which need to be weighed against.
(iv) Proteinase inhibitors
Proteinase inhibitors, such as Lopinavi/Litonave, are widely used against HIV and, in some special cases, for upper respiratory infections such as coronary viruses. By inhibiting the activity of viral protein enzymes, they prevent the assembly and release of the virus by preventing its precursor protein from cracking into mature proteins. During the fight against the new coronary virus epidemic, Lopinavi/Litonave was tried for treatment, but the efficacy of the treatment was controversial and required further study.
IV. Principles for clinical application of antivirals
(i) Drugs after diagnosis
Since the symptoms of upper respiratory infections may be similar, the type of virus should be identified as far as possible before using an antiviral drug. For patients with apparent influenza sample symptoms, rapid influenza diagnostic reagents or laboratory tests can be used to determine if they are infected with influenza virus. Other viral infections, such as gland virus, respiratory syndrome virus, etc., can also be judged in combination with clinical symptoms, epidemiological characteristics and laboratory results, avoiding blind use of drugs.
(ii) Early drug use
The efficacy of antivirals is often closely related to the time spent on them. In particular, for influenza virus infections, better treatment can be achieved through the use of antivirals, such as neurosuramate inhibitors, at an early stage (preferably within 48 hours of the onset of the disease). Early use of drugs can inhibit a large number of replicas of the virus and reduce the immune response of the organism, thereby mitigating symptoms and reducing the pathology.
(iii) Individualized medicine according to the patient ‘ s condition
The age of the patient, the underlying disease, and the function of the liver and kidney need to be taken into account when choosing an antiviral drug. For example, when using anti-viral drugs in children, attention needs to be paid to the appropriateness of the formulation and dose of the drug; for patients with liver and kidney deficiencies, some renal metabolic anti-viral drugs may need to be adjusted or carefully used. At the same time, attention needs to be paid to the adverse effects of drugs, such as the use of anti-viral drugs by pregnant women and breast-feeding women, which are weighed against the effects of drugs on the mother and foetus or infant.
V. Prospects and challenges for the treatment of respiratory infections in antiretroviral drugs
(i) Development of new medicines
As the virus evolves and new viruses emerge, the development of new antivirals is an important task at present. On the one hand, there is a need to develop new target and mechanism drugs for the resistance of existing viruses; on the other hand, there is a need to accelerate the development of specific antivirals for emerging viruses, such as new coronary viruses, to better respond to public health emergencies.
(ii) Joint use
In clinical practice, a single antiviral drug may be ineffective or resistant. The joint use of antivirals with different mechanisms may be one way to improve the efficacy of treatment. For example, in the treatment of HIV infections, such as HIV, joint drug use programmes have yielded better results. However, in the case of upper respiratory infections, the safety, effectiveness and optimal combination of the joint use of drugs requires more research.
(iii) Drug resistance
The long-term use of anti-virus drugs can easily lead to resistance. For example, the influenza virus reported the presence of resistance strains for neuro-aminoase inhibitors and M2 ion tunnel retardants. Therefore, there is a need to closely monitor the drug resistance of the virus in clinical applications, to rationalize treatment programmes and, at the same time, to increase public education on the rational use of drugs and to avoid the abuse of antiviral drugs.
In general, antivirals have an important place in the treatment of respiratory infections, but a combination of various factors, such as the type of virus, the condition of the patient, etc., needs to be considered in clinical applications in order to achieve safe, effective and rational use. At the same time, the ongoing development of new anti-viral drugs and the optimization of treatment programmes are areas that will require continued attention in the future.
