Bacteria diarrhea: analysis of common pathogenic strains and clinical characteristics
Abstract: Bacteria-diarrhea is a common intestinal disease caused by a variety of pathogenic strains with diverse clinical characteristics. The present paper elaborates on common pathogenic strains, including coli, salmonella, Shigaella and Bacillus, and provides an in-depth analysis of the clinical characteristics of the diarrhoea that they cause, the mechanisms for morbidity and diagnostic methods, with a view to raising awareness and the level of treatment for bacterial diarrhoea.
Introduction
The prevalence of bacterial diarrhoea is widespread globally, especially in developing countries, where the incidence is higher owing to, inter alia, relatively poor sanitation and water pollution. There are also differences in clinical symptoms and the fate of diseases caused by different pathogenic strains with different biological characteristics and disease-causing mechanisms. Accurate identification of pathogenic strains is critical for targeted treatment and the prevention of disease transmission.
II. Common strains
(i) Bacillus coliform
Bacillus is part of a normal intestinal population, but some serotypes are pathogenic. For example, the EPEC, which causes diarrhoea, mainly by adhesive to intestinal skin cells, destroys microflue structures and leads to intestinal ingestion disorders. Clinical symptoms are manifested in water, which can be accompanied by low heat, vomiting, etc., which is common in infants and young children. The intestinal entropy (ETEC) causes water samples of diarrhoea, which tends to have an outbreak, and is more common in travellers’ diarrhoea, by producing heat-resistant and heat-resistant toxins that stimulate the intestinal mucous cell to produce large amounts of liquid and electrolyte.
(ii) Salmonella
Salmonella is more affected by the consumption of contaminated foods such as meat, eggs, milk, etc. It can penetrate the lower intestinal mucous membrane and trigger inflammation. Clinical symptoms include fever, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, which can be watery or mucous sepsis and, in serious cases, complications such as sepsis and typhoid fever. Among them, typhoid typhoid disease caused by typhus typhus is typical of sustained fever, relative agility, symptoms of systemic intoxication and signs of digestive tracts, rose rashes, hepatic spleen swelling, etc., with a longer period and a greater risk to the body.
(iii) Shigaella
Shigella, also known as the dysentery bacterium, is the main pathogen that causes bacterial dysentery. It has a strong inoculation force and can directly intrude into, reproduce and release internal and external toxins. Patients usually show high fever, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, acute stress, and gouts with mucous sepsis, with more than a dozen or more daily defecations. Depending on the antigen structure, it can be divided into diarrhea, Faustella, Boiszigella and Songnee Zhigella, of which Fozzigella is most common in the country and prone to chronic dysentery, leading to chronic and repeated diarrhoea, abdominal pain, which affects the quality of life and physical well-being of patients.
(iv) Bacillus
Bacillus is mainly transmitted through contaminated food or water sources, often in the intestines of poultry and livestock. The most common strain of disease-causing bacteria is the halibut fungus, which can produce toxins and attack intestinal mucous membranes, causing inflammation and damage. Clinical symptoms are dominated by heat, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, which can be treated as water at an early stage and can then be converted to slime or sepsis, and some patients can be associated with nausea, vomiting, etc. In addition, Bacillus infection may also be associated with the occurrence of nervous system diseases such as the Green-Barley syndrome, and the mechanism for causing it may be related to immuno-mediated neurological damage.
III. Clinical characteristics
(i) Diarrhoeal characteristics
The diarrhea levels, frequency and duration of diarrhea are different for different strain groups. For example, the number of cases of diarrhoea caused by colicus can vary from several to more than ten times, typically lasting from 2 to 5 days; diarrhea from Shiga is a mucous ausulus, with a high frequency, a high acute weight and a long-term pathology, which, if not treated in a timely manner, can be prolonged; and diarrhea infections from Salmonella have a variety of forms that can be attributed to water aqueous or mucous sepsis, generally lasting in the range of 1-2 weeks and more sustainable.
(ii) All-body symptoms
In addition to diarrhea, patients are often accompanied by whole-body symptoms. Heat is more common, and high body temperature varies with the group of bacteria. Shigella infections are often associated with high heat at over 39°C; salmonella infection temperature rises at a stairwell level for several weeks of sustainable heat in typhoid patients; and muccoccus infections are relatively low but high. In addition, some patients may suffer from general discomfort such as headaches, inefficiency and muscular acid problems, which can lead to serious complications such as dehydration, electrolytic disorders and shock, especially among children, the elderly and those with low immune functions.
(iii) Abdominal symptoms
Abdominal pain is one of the common symptoms of bacterial diarrhoea, mostly in the umbilical week or in the lower abdomen, and can be of the nature of the pain as anal pain, swelling or invisibility. The abdominal abdominal pain of Shiga dysentery is often accompanied by a clear sense of acute stress, i.e., that the patient has a strong appetite, but has a small amount of defecation and a sense of bloated after defecation. This abdominal symptoms are associated with intestinal irritation and convulsions, and the attack and injury of different strains to different parts of the intestinal tract leads to differences in abdominal symptoms.
IV. EMERGENCY MECHANISMS
(i) Bacteria adhesive and assault
Many virulent strains are adhesive to the intestinal mucous membrane surface by combining the adhesive adhesive on the surface with the receptor on the upper intestinal skin. Some strains, such as coliform, can be adhesive through structures such as bacterium hair, followed by bacteria such as Shigaella, which can enter the upper skin cells, reproduce within them and spread to nearby cells, trigger local inflammation reactions and disrupt the normal organizational structure and functioning of the intestinal tract.
(ii) Toxicity
Bacteria-generated toxins are an important factor in diarrhoea. The intestinal toxins can be divided into thermointestinal toxins and intolerant intestinal toxins, which, through different mechanisms, stimulate intestinal cell genocrine fluids and electrolytics, increasing internal intestinal permeability, and causing diarrhoea due to a high amount of moisture entering the intestinal cavity. The internal toxin activates the immune response of the organism and causes a range of whole-body symptoms such as heat, inflammation, and can also lead to increased intestinal vascular penetration, increased damage to and seepage of intestinal mucous membranes.
V. Diagnosis
(i) General inspection of excreta
General excreta screening is the basic method for the diagnosis of bacterial diarrhoea. A preliminary determination of the condition can be made by observing the state of excreta, the colour and the presence of blood. Under-microscope examinations reveal red cells, white cells, pus cells, etc., which are important in determining the extent of intestinal inflammation. For example, a large number of red, white and pus cells are commonly found in the faeces of patients with Shigella dysentery, while the amount of watery diarrhea caused by coliform is relatively small.
(ii) Bacteria cultivation and identification
Bacteria cultivation of excreta is a key step in identifying the pathogenic strain. Septic specimens are administered to suitable training materials, under suitable conditions, and are then identified on the basis of bacterial morphology, biochemical properties, serology tests, etc. Different pathogenic strains have different characteristics of growth on specific cultures, such as salmonella, which can form colourless and transparent strains on the salmon-sigma culture, and can be determined by further biochemical reactions and serocondensation tests. Bacteria cultures can provide a precise basis for clinical treatment.
(iii) Molecular biology
With the development of molecular biology techniques, methods such as the PCR have become more widely used in the diagnosis of bacterial diarrhoea. The rapid detection of the specific gene fragments of the diseased population in the faecal specimens, through the design of the speciality quotes, has the advantage of being quick, sensitive and unique, especially for bacteria that are difficult to cultivate or grow slowly, and can significantly reduce diagnostic time and increase diagnostic efficiency.
Conclusions
Bacteria-based diarrhoea is caused by a wide range of bacterial strains with complex and diverse clinical characteristics. Knowledge of the biological characteristics, clinical symptoms, morbidity mechanisms and diagnostic methods of common strains is essential for timely and accurate diagnosis and treatment of the disease. In clinical practice, a combination of diagnostic methods should be used to identify disease-causing strains as soon as possible and to make reasonable choice of antibacterial drugs for treatment, while preventive measures, such as improved sanitation, improved food and water safety management, should be strengthened to reduce the incidence of bacterial diarrhoea and to safeguard public health. In the future, further in-depth research is needed on drug resistance mechanisms and new diagnostic treatment techniques for pathogenic strains in response to the changing bacterial diarrhoeal epidemic.
Diarrhoea. Infectious diarrhoea.
