Abstract: Bacteria dysentery is a intestinal infectious disease caused by Shiga bacteria, which is widespread worldwide, especially in areas with poor sanitation. This document details the pathological characteristics of bacterial dysentery, epidemiological characteristics, morbidity mechanisms, clinical performance, diagnostic methods, treatment strategies and preventive measures aimed at raising public awareness of the disease and promoting its effective control and rational treatment.
Introduction
Bacteria dysentery is a serious threat to human health, particularly for children, the elderly and those with low immune capacity. Knowledge of their morbidity, transmission pathways, symptoms and coping methods is essential for timely detection, effective treatment and prevention of the spread of the disease.
II. Pathogen properties
The Shiga is a gland vaginal bacterium, with no sprouts, no muscular membranes and a fungi. Depending on the differences in antigen structures and biochemical responses, four groups can be divided into dysentery, Fausl, Possillosis and Song Nescillosis. Among them, dysentery is the most pathological and relatively weak. The virulent force of Shiga is mainly due to its inoculation and internal toxins, and some strains also produce extratoxins. These toxins can damage intestinal mucous epipelagic cells, trigger inflammatory reactions and lead to intestinal disorders.
III. Epidemiological characteristics
1. Sources of infection: primarily bacterial dysentery and vectors. Patients have high levels of transmissibility during acute periods; chronic patients and vectors are easily neglected because they are invisible or unsymptomatic.
2. Means of transmission: mainly through excreta – mouth. The use of food, water sources contaminated with Shiga, or exposure to contaminated articles can lead to infection. For example, contaminated well water, unwashed vegetables and fruits are common vectors in areas with inadequate sanitation.
3. People at risk of infection: While the population is generally vulnerable, children are at risk of infection because of incomplete hygiene practices and the incomplete development of the immune system; older persons and those suffering from chronic diseases and low immune functions tend to be more ill when they become infected because of weak physical resistance.
Epidemic characteristics: In the tropics and subtropical regions, bacterial dysentery can occur throughout the year, while in temperate areas there is a marked seasonality, mostly concentrated on the summer fall festival. This is mainly due to high summer and autumn temperatures and high humidity, which contribute to the survival and reproduction of Shiga in the outside environment, as well as increased exposure to infection due to higher consumption of raw and cold food during this period.
IV. EMERGENCY MECHANISMS
After entering the human body through the mouth, most of the fungi can be killed by stomach acid, but bacteria can break through the gastric acid barrier into the intestinal tract when stomach acid is reduced or infested with a greater amount of bacteria. In the colon, the Shiga fungi is adhesive to the upper skin cells of the intestinal mucous membrane by mucous hair, and enters the intracellular growth and reproduction. Bacteria release internal toxins within cells, causing inflammation of the intestinal mucous membranes, leading to the necrosis, decomposition and formation of shallow ulcer. The internal toxin can also inhale blood and cause symptoms of overall intoxication, such as fever, toxaemia, etc. In addition, some of the extratoxins produced by Shiga bacteria can lead to severe effects such as water samples of diarrhoea, neurological symptoms, etc.
V. Clinical performance
1. Infiltration period: usually 1-3 days, short of hours and up to 7 days for the elderly.
Acute bacterial dysentery
– Normal (typical) type: acute illness, high heat, temperature above 39°C, with symptoms of cold and infirmity. Early nausea, vomiting, followed by abdominal pain, diarrhoea and a high number of poops, can reach more than 10 to dozens of times a day. In the first place, it is defecated or watered, then reduced to mucous sepsis, low in amount, with a sense of ulterior stress, i.e., incontinence. The lower left abdominal pains.
Light: All-body symptoms are minor, no fever or low heat, diarrhoea is less frequent, 3-5 times a day, shit is slime rare, often free of suspense and no apparent acute stress. Shorter pathologies, self-healing or chronic transformation.
– Heavy: most of the elderly, infirm and malnourished. Severe abdominal pain, acute stress, dehydration, electrolytic disorders, acid poisoning, etc. can occur in shock with high rates of death.
Chronic bacterial dysentery: Chronic if acute bacterial dysentery is more than two months old. Patients can manifest themselves in chronic and recurring abdominal pains, diarrhoea, intermittent or persistent mucous sepsis in the toilet, or in the alternation of diarrhoea and constipation. Long-term intestinal inflammation can result in whole-body symptoms such as malnutrition, anaemia and inactivity, as well as intestinal disorders such as abdominal swelling and appetite.
VI. Diagnosis
1. Clinical symptoms and signs: Bacteriological dysentery can be initially suspected on the basis of typical clinical manifestations of the patient ‘ s fever, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, mucous sepsis, acute stress, etc. However, these symptoms are not specific to bacterial dysentery and need to be further diagnosed.
Laboratory inspection
– Excreta screening: the faeces tend to look like mucous sepsis, and a large number of white, red and sepsis cells can be found under the microscope, which can be more diagnostic if they are giant. The detection of Shiga bacteria in faeces is an important basis for the diagnosis of bacterial dysentery, but the positive rate is influenced by a number of factors, such as the use of antibiotics to collect specimens prior to treatment, and the timely delivery of specimens for testing.
– Conventional blood tests: the white cell count of patients with acute bacterial dysentery and the percentage of moderate particles are higher, and chronic patients can suffer from mild anaemia.
Treatment
1. General treatment: Patients should rest in bed, provide digestive, high-heat, high-vitamin diets and avoid the consumption of irritant foods. In cases where diarrhoea causes severe dehydration and electrolyte disorders, hydrolytics and electrolytes should be replenished in a timely manner, with oral rehydration salts or with intravenous infusion of physiological saline water, glucose, potassium chloride, etc.
2. Antibacterial treatment: Based on the results of the sensitive tests, sensitive antibiotics are selected, and the most commonly used drugs are phenolone (e.g., Nofluorinated salsa, ring-prop salsa, etc.) and three generations of cystactin (e.g., twirl pine, etc.). Because of the widespread use of antibiotics and the increasing problem of drug resistance in Shiga, the efficacy of treatment should be closely observed during treatment and, where necessary, the use of drugs should be adjusted in a timely manner. The course of treatment for antibiotics is usually 5-7 days and can be extended appropriately for patients with serious illnesses.
3. Treatment of ailments: For patients with abdominal abdominal abdominal pain, abdominal tablets, mountain alkalis, etc., may be given, but the use of strong analgesics should be avoided in order not to affect the ejection of intestinal toxins and aggravate the condition. For patients with acute post-urgent stress, suppository can be used appropriately to mitigate symptoms.
VIII. Prevention
1. Control of the source of the infection: timely quarantine treatment of patients with bacterial dysentery, disinfection of the excreta of the patients and prevention of the transmission of pathogens. Health checks should be carried out on a regular basis for persons engaged in catering, childcare, etc., and persons with bacterial dysentery or fungi should be transferred and treated in a timely manner.
Cutting off the means of transmission: strengthen the sanitary management of drinking water, ensure safe drinking water, and disinfect water sources, such as chlorination. (c) Strengthen food hygiene regulations and strictly enforce food hygiene standards to prevent contamination of food by Shiga. Improve environmental health, strengthen the construction of public health facilities, such as latrines, garbage disposal facilities, etc., and carry out regular sanitation to disinfect and eliminate vector organisms such as flies and cockroaches. Good hygiene habits, hand-washing before meals, drinking no raw water, eating no unclean food, etc.
3. Protection of vulnerable populations: Vaccination may be considered in areas where bacterial dysentery is prevalent or in high-risk groups. Bacteria dysentery vaccines are available and, although their protective effect is not absolute, they can reduce the risk of infection to some extent. In addition, increased physical activity, improved physical fitness and increased immunity of the organism can help prevent the occurrence of bacterial dysentery.
Conclusions
Bacteria dysentery is a controlled intestinal infectious disease. By increasing awareness of their pathology, epidemiology, morbidity mechanisms, clinical performance, diagnostic treatment and preventive measures, the public can better protect itself and others from them. Actively promoting vaccination, focusing on personal and public health, and strengthening disease surveillance and control can effectively reduce the incidence of bacterial dysentery and guarantee public health and social stability.
Bacteria dysentery
