I. SPECIFIC APPLICATION OF Antibacterial MedicineS FOR THE DIVISION OF BACTERIOUS Infectious
Based on the patient ‘ s symptoms, signs, laboratory tests or images of radioactivity, ultrasound etc., antibacterial drugs are diagnosed for bacterial, fungi-infected persons, and antibacterial drugs are also detected for infections caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as the nodule branch bacterium, the non-tuberculosis bacterium, the chlamydia, the helix, the lekthia and some of the proteria. There is no indication of the use of antibacterial drugs for the lack of clinical or laboratory evidence of bacteria and the above-mentioned pathogen microbial infections, for those whose diagnosis cannot be established and for those infected with the virus.
Early identification of infected pathogens and selection of antibacterial drugs based on pathogen type and drug sensitive test results
The selection of varieties of antibacterial drugs is, in principle, based on the type of fungi and on the sensitivity of the fungi to antibacterial drugs, i.e., the results of the bacterial drug sensitivity test (hereinafter referred to as the pharmacological test). Therefore, patients clinically diagnosed as bacterial infections should be provided with a pathogen test in a timely manner before the initiation of antibacterial treatment (especially in sterile parts such as blood) to identify pathogen and drug-sensitive results as soon as possible and adjust antibacterial treatment programmes accordingly.
III. Empirical treatment of antibacterial drugs
In the case of patients diagnosed clinically with bacterial infections, the potential pathogens can be predicted on the basis of the patient ‘ s area of infection, underlying disease, incidence, place of occurrence, history of antibacterial use and its therapeutic response, and the experience of antibacterial drugs may be treated in conjunction with local bacterial resistance monitoring data, before the results of bacterial culture and drug sensitivity are known, or before access to cultured specimens. Upon being informed of the results of pathogen tests and drug sensitivity, the drug programme has been adjusted to take into account the previous treatment response; for patients who have developed negative results, further diagnostic measures should be taken in the light of the effects of the experience and the patient ‘ s condition.
IV. Selecting the drug according to its antibacterial effects and the characteristics of its internal processes
The pharmacological and Pharmacological characteristics of various antibacterial drugs vary, and therefore there are different clinical adaptations. Clinicians should correctly select antibacterial drugs according to the clinical adaptation certificate (see “According to various antibacterial drugs and care”).
V. Development of antibacterial treatment programmes that integrate patient conditions, pathogen types and antibacterial drug characteristics
Antibacterial treatment programmes are developed on the basis of pathogens, areas of infection, the severity of the infection and the physiological, pathological and antibacterial drug efficacy and pharmacological evidence of the patient, including choice of antibacterial drug, dosage, frequency of delivery, route of delivery, treatment and joint use. The following principles should guide the development of treatment programmes.
VI. The application of antibacterial drugs to newborns is not yet fully developed and some of the key organs of the neonatal period have evolved rapidly with the increase in the age of the day, so that the following should be noted in the case of new infections. (i) Neonatal livers, kidneys are underdeveloped, liver metabolic enzymes are insufficient or lacking, kidney removal functions are poor, and therefore highly toxic antibacterials should be avoided for newborn infections, including aminocin, vancin, carcinocin, etc., which is mainly excreted from kidneys, and chloracin, which is mainly hepatotricin. Where there are indications of application, blood concentration monitoring is required to adjust the delivery programme and individualize the drug to make the treatment safe and effective. (ii) Avoiding the application of antibacterial drugs that may have serious adverse effects during the neonatal period. The tetracyclic and quinone types that affect the growth and development of newborns should be avoided, and sulfamide and furan drugs that can lead to brain nucleotide and soluble anaemia should be avoided. (iii) In the neonatal period, due to inadequate kidney function, the use of β-nitromamine drugs, such as penicillin and headgillin, which are mainly ejected by kidneys, is reduced in order to prevent acute central nervous system toxic reactions from the drug accumulation in the body. (iv) The growing maturity of the tissues of newborns and the changes in the pharmacokinetics of antibacterial drugs in newborns in relation to the age of the day, so that antibacterials are used in a way that adjusts the programme to the age of the day.
VII. The application of anti-bacterial drugs for children should take into account the following. (i) Amino-sugar type: This type of drug has obvious ear and kidney toxicity and should be avoided for children. The choice of antibacterial drugs is made only when there is a clear clinical application and no other antibacterial drugs of low toxicity are available and the adverse effects are closely observed during treatment. Blood concentrations should be monitored for those who are in a position to do so, and individualized according to the results. (ii) The sugar platinum type: this type of drug has certain kidney and ear toxicity, and children are selected only when specifically indicated. The adverse effects should be closely observed during the treatment, and those who are in a position to do so should be monitored for blood concentrations and individualized. (iii) The tetracyclic group, which can cause yellow tooth dyes and hypothylene development and is not available for children under 8 years of age. (iv) The quinone type: The drug is not used for minors under 18 years of age because of possible adverse effects on bone development.
