Clinical strategies and progress in treatment against pneumonia infection

Pneumonia, a common and serious respiratory infectious disease, poses a major threat to the health of patients. Anti-infection treatment is a key component of pneumonia treatment. The paper elaborates on various aspects of anti-infection treatment for pneumonia, including the principle of choice of antibiotics for different pathogens, the determination of the course of treatment, indications and methods of joint use, as well as anti-infection treatment strategies for drug-resistant pneumonia and the prospects for the application of emerging anti-infection treatment techniques and drugs. The aim is to provide clinical doctors with a comprehensive and practical reference to anti-infection treatment for pneumonia, with a view to improving the effectiveness of treatment for pneumonia, improving patient prognosis and addressing the growing problem of drug resistance.IntroductionPneumonia is caused by a wide range of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, trimesters, chlamydia and fungi, with a high incidence and death rate globally, especially among older persons, children and the under-immunological. Timely and accurate implementation of anti-infection treatment is essential for the rehabilitation of pneumonia patients, which can effectively reduce symptoms, reduce the pathology, reduce the risk of complications and improve their survival and quality of life. However, with the widespread use of antibiotics, the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria poses a great challenge to anti-infection treatment for pneumonia and, as a result, a better understanding of the strategies and progress in anti-infection treatment for pneumonia is of clinical importance.Common pathogens and antibiotics selection2.1 Bacteria pneumonia • Pneumococcal pneumonia: penicillin G was the drug of choice for pneumocococcal pneumonia, but in recent years, due to the increase in the number of resistant strains, a third-generation sepsis (e.g. penicillin MIC22mg/ml) can be used for highly resistant strains (e.g. penicillin, thorium, etc.) or fluorophenolone (e.g., left-oxen fluoride, Mosisa). Oral antibiotics, such as Amosilin/Clavic acid, are also available to patients with mild conditions. • Pneumocococcal pneumonia: Peroxysilin-sensitive gilloccus (MSSA) infection, with phenolin and chlorolin as the preferred drug, and methyloxysilin-yelliccus (MRSA) infection, with the use of Vungucin, go-to-calacin and other fungusin antibiotics, or new antibactrins, such as Linazine and datomyrin. In the course of treatment, the programme should be adapted in a timely manner to the sensitive results. • Guerran cactus pneumonia (e.g. coli, creberella pneumonia, etc.): third-generation hemorrhages (e.g., thorium, peptone/shubatam), β-nimide/betamide inhibitor complexes (e.g., Zolasicillin/talamide) and more robust antibactactivisms such as carbon acne (e.g., amphetamine, meroperan) are often used as experitic treatment options and subsequently optimize treatment programmes based on the results of drug-sensitive tests, with the combined use of amino-sulfon antibiotics such as Amicas, to enhance antibacterial effects, with attention to ear and kidney toxicity.2.2 Viral pneumonia • Influenza virus pneumonia: the early use of anti-influenza virus drugs, such as neurosinease inhibitors Ostawe, Zanamwe, etc., within 24 – 48 hours of the onset of the disease can be effective in reducing the symptoms, the pathology and the incidence of complications. For patients with severe influenza virus pneumonia, there may also be a need for joint treatment with drugs such as sugar-coated hormones, but with rigorous proof of adaptation to avoid increased adverse effects from abuse. • Other viral pneumonia (e.g., gland virus, respiratory syndrome, etc.): There are no special antiviral drugs available, mainly for treatment with symptoms and support, such as aerobics, coughs, asthma and hydrolytic balance, and some patients can experiment with broad-scale antiviral drugs such as Libaverin and Azurove, but the treatment is not yet accurate. In recent years, some new types of antiviral drugs, such as Redsheve, have shown some potential for treatment of coronary virus pneumonia, but further clinical research is needed to validate their efficacy and safety.2.3 Sphinx pneumoniaGreat rim ester antibiotics are the first drugs of choice to treat styrene pneumonia, such as erythrin, achicin, etc. Achicillin has the advantage of having easy access to medications (e.g. a sequencing treatment, with a few days of venomic drops, followed by oral treatment), a relatively low level of adverse effects, and a relatively high level of antibacterial activity to the secondary body, with a general course of treatment of 2 – 3 weeks. Patronal pneumonia patients with cyclopentone-resistant syroids may be treated with tetracyclics (e.g., dosicocycline) or fluorophenolone (e.g., left oxyfluorosaltone, Mosisa) drugs, subject to the limitations of their use among children and young people in order to avoid adverse effects on bone development, etc.TreatmentThe course of anti-infection treatment for pneumonia should be determined on the basis of factors such as the type of pathogen, the severity of the condition, the basic health status of the patient and the treatment response. • General bacterial pneumonia: for streptococcus pneumococcal, pneumococcal pneumococcal, etc., the course of anti-infection treatment is usually 7 – 14 days. However, for patients with more serious conditions, a combination of pulmonary abscesses, abscesses or low immune functions, the treatment may need to be extended to 2 – 3 weeks or even longer to ensure the complete removal of the pathogens and to prevent their recurrence. • Virus pneumonia: The course of antiviral treatment for influenza virus pneumonia is typically 5-7 days, but for patients with severe diseases, it may need to be extended as appropriate. Other viral pneumonia, which is treated with treatment for the disease and supported, can be phased out as the symptoms are reduced, and the entire course of the disease may last 2 – 3 weeks or more depending on the patient ‘ s recovery. • Pneumonia: As previously mentioned, the treatment of paraphytogens for paratrooper pneumonia is usually 2 – 3 weeks in order to ensure the complete elimination of the pyramids and to reduce the occurrence of after-effects, such as inter-pulmonary fibrosis. During the treatment, changes in the patient ‘ s symptoms, signs and laboratory examination indicators (e.g., the antibodies drip, etc.) should be closely observed in order to assess the effect of the treatment and determine the timing of the detoxification.Joint use of medicines4.1 Indicators of joint use • Severe infections: single antibiotics may not be effective in controlling infections in cases of severe pneumonia, especially those associated with sepsis and infectious shock, when a combination of antibacterial drugs is often needed to expand antibacterial spectroscopy, enhance antibacterial effects and control progress as quickly as possible. For example, for severe pneumonia caused by drug-resistant gebracic fungi such as copper cystasy, co-uses can be used for carbon acne antibiotics and aminoquine antibiotics, or for β-implamide/beta-neamide inhibitor compounds and fluorophenone. • Combining: When pneumonia patients are likely to have multiple pathogens of infection at the same time, such as bacterial combination virus infection, bacterial combination fungi infection, etc., the combination of drugs can be treated for different pathogens. For example, in cases of secondary bacterial infections in patients with influenza virus pneumonia, treatment may need to be combined with the use of anti-influenza virus drugs and antibiotics; in cases of lung infections in patients with low immune functions, joint use of antifluorinated drugs and appropriate antibiotics may be possible if a combination of fungi and bacteria is considered. • Prevention of drug resistance: bacteria are susceptible to drug resistance during long-term treatment with single antibiotics, and joint use reduces the risk of drug resistance. For example, in the treatment of tuberculosis, joint use programmes of multiple anti-tuberculosis drugs are often used to improve the efficacy of treatment and prevent resistance to tuberculosis.4.2 Methods of joint useThe combination of drugs with synergetic or antibacterial effects should be chosen, and attention should be paid to the dose, route and spacing of the drug to ensure that the drug can perform the best antibacterial effects in the body while avoiding an increase in adverse reactions. For example, when used in combination with aminocyte antibiotics, a different route of delivery can be used (e.g. β-Nemamide antibiotic drips, aminoquine muscular injections or intravenous drips) and the dose and interval of aminocyte antibiotics can be adjusted to the kidney function to reduce kidney toxicity. At the same time, in the course of joint use, indicators such as changes in patient ‘ s condition, liver and kidney function, blood protocol, and adverse reactions to drugs should be closely monitored and treatment programmes adjusted in a timely manner.V. Anti-infection treatment for drug-resistant pneumoniaWith the widespread use of antibiotics, the incidence of drug-resistant pneumonia continues to rise year by year, making clinical treatment extremely difficult.• MRSA Pneumonia: For MRSA pneumonia, the antibiotics of sugar aluminum (e.g., vancomicin, carcorinin, scoranin) and new antibacterials (e.g., Linamamine, datocin) are the main treatment options. Blood concentrations should be monitored to ensure effective therapeutic concentrations while avoiding adverse effects such as renal and ear toxicity due to high drug concentrations. Lenamamine is a good antibacterial activity for MRSA, with high oral bioavailability, oral treatment for light patients and sequenced treatment for acute patients, but long-term use may cause adverse effects such as bone marrow inhibition, requiring regular blood monitoring. • Bacteria (CRE) pneumonia resistant to carbon coliformine: treatment of the CRE infection is more difficult and there are currently limited options for drugs. Antibiotics (e.g., M.C.B., M.C.E.) have a certain level of antibacterial activity, but due to their high kidney and neurotoxicity, their use is carefully monitored. The adhesive cycline also has some antibacterial effect on CRE, which can be used in combination with other drugs, but may have limited therapeutic effect when used alone and its gastrointestinal adverse effects are more common. In recent years, a number of new β-neamide inhibitor complexes (e.g. thalamus/Avipatan) have shown better prospects for treating CRE infections, but at relatively high prices and with limited clinical applications. In the case of CRE pneumonia patients, joint drug programmes, such as polymixes, are often used in conjunction with carbon carcyacne or surrogate cyclics to improve treatment, but the specific programmes should be individualized based on the results of the drug-sensitive tests and the patient ‘ s condition.ConclusionsThe anti-infection treatment of pneumonia is a complex and critical process that requires that clinicians be fully informed about the characteristics of the various pathogens, the principles for the selection of antibiotics, the method of determining the course of treatment, the indications and techniques of joint use, and the treatment strategy for drug-resistant pneumonia and the prospects for the application of emerging anti-infection treatment techniques and drugs. In clinical practice, individualized anti-infection treatment programmes should be developed on the basis of the patient ‘ s specific circumstances, such as age, underlying illness, severity of condition, type of pathogen, etc., in order to ensure the effectiveness and safety of treatment, increase the cure rate for pneumonia patients and reduce the incidence of morbidity and complications. At the same time, in order to address the growing problem of drug-resistant infections, there is also a need to strengthen the regulation of the rational use of antibiotics, to actively pursue the development of new anti-infection drugs and treatment technologies, and to strengthen the prevention and control of infection, to reduce the incidence and spread of pneumonia and to safeguard public health.