Coughing, as a common physical response, often sends a signal from the body, which can presage a wide range of health problems. Proper diagnosis of cough is of paramount importance for the mitigation of symptoms, the detection of potential diseases and the quality of life of patients.
Cough is usually classified as acute cough, subacute cough and chronic cough. Acute cough usually lasts no more than three weeks and is common in common diseases such as cold, acute bronchitis. The mechanisms of subacute cough, which lasts from 3 to 8 weeks, may be associated with the incomplete reduction of the aromatic inflammation and the high responsiveness of the aerobics, most of which are post-infection cough, such as cold cough. Chronic cough refers to coughs lasting more than eight weeks, with more complex causes, such as cough mutated asthma, reflux coughing in the stomach oesophagus, bronchitis in acidic pellets, etc.
II. Common causes and morbidity mechanisms
(i) Respiratory infections. After the infection of the respiratory tract by viruses, bacteria, terraforms, etc., can result in damage to the gaseous mucous membranes, inflammation of inflammation of inflammation cells, irritation of the cough sensor in the gas channel, and thus trigger a cough reflection. For example, influenza virus infections can cause high fever, cough, ingesting, etc., and after the acute period, some patients may suffer from neurological maladjustments during gas-traffic mucous membranes repair, with the residual cough symptoms continuing for some time.
(ii) Acrotic inflammation and high responsiveness Cough mutagenic asthma is a special type of asthma with cough as the main or only symptom. Their morbidity is closely related to chronic inflammation and high-reactionality of the aromatic tract. Incentives from external factors such as allergies (polls, dust mites, etc.), cold air, motion, etc., have resulted in a constriction of air-traffic smoothing muscles and increased mucous genre, leading to coughing. Pneumonia alchemy is also found in gastrophate cell infestation, releasing inflammatory media and causing cough.
(iii) Resilient stomach oesophagus. Reversals of the stomach content to the oesophagus, or even to the throat, can stimulate coughers in the oesophagus and throats and cause cough. In particular, backslides are more likely to occur when positions change, such as flats and bends. Obesity, the laxity of mybs under the oesophagus, and over-eating can increase the risk of retort in the stomach. (iv) Other factors: Leaking syndrome at the back of the nose, which can cause irritating cough by re-flowing the screen of the nasal cavity and snot to the throat. In addition, the side effects of certain drugs (e.g. vascular stress transfer enzymes inhibitors) can lead to cough, which may also be associated with cardiovascular diseases, psychological factors, etc.
Diagnosis
(i) Medical history collection. Detailed questions on the duration, frequency, nature (dry cough or cough), aggravating or mitigating factors (e.g. time, position, activity, etc.), associated symptoms (e.g. heat, chest pain, breathing difficulties, anti-acid acids, heartburning, etc.), past medical history (are there asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart disease, etc.), history of use of medication and allergy. For example, a patient coughs with anti-acid, charred heart, and increases when he or she falls flat after he or she eats, and is more likely to give a hint to the stomach oesophagus.
(ii) Medical examination. Focus on throat, lung, heart, etc. The observation of haemorrhage, oedema and secretions in the throat; the presence of an abnormal respiratory sound, such as dry and wet larvae, hysteria, etc., in the lungs; and the examination of the heart rate, heart rate, noise, etc. in the heart, contribute to the screening of cough caused by CPR.
(iii) Complementary inspection
1. Visual examinations: X-rays of the chest allow for the initial screening of lung inflammation, tuberculosis and tumors. The chest C.T. shows more clearly the microstructure of the lungs, which is of great value for the detection of diseases such as the knots of the lungs, bronchial extension, etc. Nasal CT can be examined for patients suspected of causing post-nose leak syndrome as a result of a systeal disease.
2. Pulmonary function examination: Pulmonary function examination and bronchial ration tests and bronchial trachea stimulation tests are important for chronic cough patients, particularly those suspected of cough mutagenic asthma. Diagnosis of cough mutagenic asthma is supported if bronchial ration is positive or bronchial is positive.
3. Laboratory testing: Blood routines help to determine the existence and type of infection, such as the increase in the total number of white cells and the percentage of neutral particles indicating bacterial infections, and the increase in the proportion of lymphocytes may be viral. Slurry tests may be used to identify pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, tuberculosis bacterium, etc., by coatings, or to develop specific pathogens. The increase in the number of acid-photocyte count is of significant diagnostic value for patients suspected of acid-photocyte bronchitis. In addition, the testing of serum Ige levels has some point of reference in determining whether an allergic reaction exists. A 24-hour PH surveillance can be performed for patients suspected of retroft coughing in the oesophate, to understand alkalinity changes in the oesophate and to determine if there is a reflux in the stomach.
Treatment
(i) Treatment of causes
1. Respiratory infections: In the case of cough caused by viral infections, there is a general focus on treatment support for the disease, such as the use of cough control drugs, which can be gradually reduced as the disease progresses. In the case of bacterial infections, sensitive antibiotics are selected on the basis of pathogenic bacteria, such as pneumocococcal infections. Pyramid infections are commonly treated with macrocyclic ester-type antibiotics (e.g., Archicin).
Cough mutated asthma: Treatment is mainly based on inhalation of sugar cortex hormones (e.g., Budined) combined bronchial salbutamol (e.g., salbutamol) to reduce respiratory inflammation and abate gas tract convulsions to control cough symptoms. The general treatment process is long and needs to be gradually reduced after symptoms are controlled.
3. Anti-fluent coughing in the stomach ducts: first, a change in the way of life, such as raising the bed, reducing the amount of food consumed for dinner, avoiding the consumption of spicy and greasy food, and the cessation of smoking and alcohol. At the same time, the use of proton pump inhibitors (e.g. Omera, Lansola, etc.) inhibits gastric acidization, promotes edible mucous membrane restoration and reduces the backflow irritation to the throat. Some patients may also need co-use gastrointestinal promotive drugs (e.g. Dopenteone, Moshapuri).
4. Acid pneumocular bronchitis: Inhalation of sugar cortex hormonal is the main treatment that can effectively reduce gastrophate cyte inflammation and cough.
(ii) Treatment
1. Accelerants: A person who has a cough has the option of using a central cough medicine such as the right-methaphine, spray-to-film, to act as a cough-controler through the cough centre. For those who have cough, it is not appropriate to simply use cough medicine, but rather to use ammonium chloride and ammonium chloride to facilitate the discharge of the acreage to facilitate air flow and reduce cough. If the acoustic fluid is not coughy, it may also be mistified and diluted by mistifying inhaled physicosal water or by adhesive drugs.
2. Gas-pathic convulsive drugs: bronchial suffocants, such as salbutamol salbutamol mist by inhalation or oral aminobaine, may be used to ease air-path smoothing muscles, improve aerobic function and mitigate cough symptoms for patients with gas-path convulsions.
V. Cough treatment attention In the process of cough treatment, it is also important to note that the first is to avoid the misuse of antibiotics and that antibiotics are used only when bacterial infections are identified, so as not to lead to adverse effects of bacterial resistance and drugs. Second, for chronic cough patients, the treatment process is often longer, requiring patient cooperation, regular re-diagnosis and adjustment of treatment programmes to the condition. Thirdly, care is taken to exclude the influence of psychological factors on cough, which may be exacerbated or sustained by emotional stress, anxiety, etc., for which medical treatment can be accompanied by psychological guidance or appropriate anti-anxiety treatment.
Coughing is an integrated process that requires doctors to have a full understanding of the patient ‘ s condition, to determine the cause accurately through detailed medical history collection, medical examination and ancillary examination, and then to develop targeted treatment programmes. At the same time, patients should cooperate actively in the treatment process, following medical instructions and taking care of lifestyle adjustments to promote the reduction of cough symptoms and physical rehabilitation. Only by working together can the common condition of cough be effectively addressed and the quality of life of patients be improved.
