Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by high blood sugar, with complex morbidity mechanisms, mainly related to insulin insufficiency and insulin resistance. Diabetes is classified into Type 1 and Type 2, with different morbidity mechanisms for each type.
Incidence mechanism
Type 1 diabetes:
Self-immunisation factor: Type 1 diabetes is usually caused by its own immune response, i.e. the immune system wrongly attacks and destroys insulin beta cells in pancreas, resulting in absolute insulin insufficiency. In such cases, patients need to rely on external insulin for life.
Genetic factors: Type 1 diabetes has a clear genetic orientation and is associated with specific genetic polymorphology, such as the DQ-point polymorphology, which is most relevant in the HLA antigens.
Environmental factors: Certain viruses (e.g., the Kosachi virus, rubella virus, etc.) may trigger immune system anomalies and accelerate the destruction of β-cells in insulin.
Type 2 diabetes
Insulin resistance: The main mechanism for type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance, i.e. reduced body cell sensitivity to insulin, which prevents insulin from effectively reducing blood sugar. Obesity is an important factor in insulin resistance, as excessive fat accumulation can disrupt the normal distribution and use of insulin.
Insulin β-cell functional impairment: As the pathology develops, insulin β-cells may die as a result of long-term high-burden work, leading to a decrease in insulin inoculation. In addition, high insulin haemorrhage may cause further impairment of beta-cell function.
Genetic factors: Type 2 diabetes has a high genetic tendency, the genetic consistency of identical twins is high, and the risk of disease among first-degree relatives is increased.
Clinical performance
Clinical manifestations of diabetes vary from person to person, but usually include the following symptoms:
“More than three”: drinking, urinating, eating and weight loss are typical symptoms of diabetes. When blood sugar rises to a certain extent, kidneys reach their limit of capacity to absorb glucose, leading to excessive urine and water loss.
Weakness and weakness: due to the lack of effective glucose access to the cell for use, patients often feel all-powerlessness and mental weakness.
Obscurous vision: High blood sugar can affect the liquid balance of the eye and lead to blurred vision.
Other symptoms: Diabetes patients may experience complications such as cardiovascular diseases, kidneys, retina and neurosis as the condition progresses.
Complications
Chronic high blood sugar levels of diabetes cause multiple complications, including but not limited to:
Cardiovascular disease: The risk of cardiovascular disease among diabetes patients has increased significantly.
Kidney disease: Diabetes kidney disease due to long-term high blood sugar damage to kidneys.
Retinasis: High blood sugar can cause retina vascular damage and increase the risk of blindness.
Psychopathic: Diabetes neurosis manifests symptoms such as numbing of hands and feet and stinging.
Prevention and management
Diabetes prevention and management require a combination of genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors. It is recommended that a healthy lifestyle be maintained, including a reasonable diet, adequate exercise, weight control and a stop to alcohol. Regular monitoring of blood sugar levels is particularly important for high-risk populations.
Diabetes incidence is related to insulin insufficiency and insulin resistance, with diverse clinical performance and potential for multiple complications. Through sound lifestyle management and periodic examinations, cases can be effectively controlled and complications reduced.
