Pneumonia is a common low-respiratory infectious disease caused mainly by bacteria, viruses, fungi or other pathogens, manifested in inflammation of the pulmonary substance. Pneumonia can occur at any age and may endanger life in serious cases, especially among the elderly, children and the under-immunized. This paper will systematically describe the causes of pneumonia, clinical performance, diagnostic methods and treatment strategies.
I. Causes of pneumonia
Pneumonia can be divided into the following categories, depending on the pathogens:
1. Bacteria pneumonia
The most common pathogens are streptococcus pneumoniae.
Other common pathogens include the golden fungus, Haemophilus influenzae, Creberella, etc.
2. Virus pneumonia
Common viruses include influenza virus, respiratory combination virus (RSV), gland virus, new cap virus (SARS-CoV-2) etc.
Virus pneumonia is most common among children and those with low immune capacity.
Fungi pneumonia
This is mainly the case for persons with low immunization capacity, such as AIDS patients, post-organ transplant patients.
Common pathogens include pyrophilus, fungus and invisibility.
4. Atypical pathogen pneumonia
It is caused by chlamydia, chlamydia or chlamydia, which have relatively light symptoms and is often referred to as “atypical pneumonia”.
Inhalation of pneumonia
Inhalation of gastrointestinal content or foreign matter is common in cases of ingestion of functional impairments.
6. Hospital access to pneumonia (HAP)
In the course of hospitalization, it is often caused by drug-resistant bacteria (e.g., methooxysilincin-yellow grapes, copper-coloured singles).
II. Clinical performance of pneumonia
Symptoms of pneumonia vary according to the type of pathogen, age and immune status of the patient, but usually include the following:
1. Respiratory symptoms
Cough: Most of these are continuous coughs, which can be accompanied by sapling, which may be mucus, sepsis or blood.
Respiratory difficulties: Aggravated, fast-respiratory or hairy behaviour may occur in serious cases.
chest pain: mostly pleural inflammation, aggravated with breathing or cough.
2. All-body symptoms
Heating: Body temperature can be over 38°C, accompanied by cold warfare.
Non-specific symptoms such as lack of strength, reduced appetite and headaches.
Older patients may manifest themselves in blurred consciousness or in a changed mental state.
3. Characteristics
Hearings: The sound can be smelled wet, bronchial, respiratory or pleural friction.
Bong-hoon: There may be a hysteria in the pathogen.
III. Diagnosis of pneumonia
The diagnosis of pneumonia requires a combination of medical history, medical examination, laboratory examination and visual examination.
1. Medical history collection
They are aware of the symptoms of the patient, the onset of the disease, the history of exposure (e.g., the history of exposure of a flu patient or a new coronary patient), the history of the past.
Attention is paid to the history of smoking, chronic diseases (e.g. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) or immunosuppressive state.
Medical examination
Emphasis is placed on the examination of respiratory signs, such as respiratory changes, wet larders, prosthesis, etc.
Laboratory inspection
Blood protocol: Increased white-cell count points to bacterial infections and increased lymphocytes to viral infections.
C Responsive Protein (CRP) and Calcium Decorator (PCT): used to assess inflammation levels and identify bacterial infections.
Pathological examinations: sapling, blood culture, bronchial pneumatic pneumatic filament (BALF) tests, etc., help to identify pathogens.
Virus detection: viral pneumonia is identified through PCR or antigen tests.
Image testing
Breast X-ray: is the main diagnostic tool for pneumonia and can be seen in pulmonary impregnation, veripitation or chest cavity.
Breast CT: More sensitive to complex cases or suspected fungus infections, indicating the extent and nature of the disease.
5. Other inspections
Arterial blood and gas analysis: used to assess the oxidation of severe pneumonia patients.
Pneumocular examination: applies to patients in difficult cases or who need to identify pathogens.
Treatment of pneumonia
Pneumonia treatment includes treatment of causes, support for treatment and treatment of complications.
(i) Patient treatment
1. Antibacterial treatment
Community access to pneumonia (CAP):
Patients with mild disorders: Pre-optimal antibiotics such as Amosilin, Achicillin or Left Oxygen.
Severely ill persons: intravenous drugs such as corrosive cortexes (e.g., Archicin).
Hospital access to sexually transmitted pneumonia (HAP):
Drugs commonly used include carbon methacne (e.g., meropenan) and sepsis (e.g., sepsis) anti-false cystasy.
2. Antiviral treatment
Influenza virus infection: use of Ostawe or Zanamwe.
New coronal virus infections: use of anti-viral drugs (e.g. Redhwe) or Chinese antibodies in accordance with the guidelines.
Anti-fist treatment
For fungal pneumonia patients, commonly used drugs include pyrocin B, volicoma, etc.
4. Treatment of other pathogens
Pyramid or chlamydia infection: use of large cycline esters or tetracyclic drugs.
Legional bacterial infections: use of quinone or large meths.
(ii) Support for treatment
1. Oxygen therapy
Nasal catheters or masks should be given oxygen to patients with low oxygen haemorrhage.
Those with severe oxygen deficiency may need to be inert or mechanical.
Liquid management
Maintenance of hydrolytic balance and avoidance of over-refilling of pulmonary oedema.
3. Heating and cough treatment
Use acetylaminophenol or brofen for deheating.
When necessary, anticinel medicine should be used, but the discharge of sapling should be avoided.
Nutritional support
Provide sufficient heat and protein for persons with severe illnesses to facilitate recovery.
(iii) Treatment of complications
1. Cervical cavity
The light-intensity aqueous fluid can be observed, and a severe aqueous fluid requires a thoracic puncture or flow.
Pussy breasts
Antibiotic treatment is required and serious cases may require surgical intervention.
3. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Mechanical air support and, if necessary, sub-surface air.
V. Pneumonia prevention
Vaccination
Pneumococcal and influenza vaccines are effective in preventing related infections.
People at high risk should be vaccinated against new crowns.
2. Healthy lifestyles
Stop drinking and improve immunity.
Maintain a balanced diet and adequate exercise.
3. Avoiding the spread of infection
Hand-washing, masking and avoiding close contact with those infected.
Reduced access to crowd-intensive sites during influenza or new caps.
Concluding remarks
Pneumonia is a common, but potentially serious, infectious disease whose diagnosis and treatment requires a combination of causes, severity and individual circumstances. The incidence and mortality of pneumonia can be significantly reduced through early identification, sound treatment and effective prevention. Medical personnel and the public should work together to raise awareness of pneumonia and to take scientific and preventive measures to protect themselves and others ‘ health.
pneumonia
