Upper respiratory tract infections (Upper Respiratory Tact Insurance, URTI) are infections in the nasal cavity, throat and throat and are one of the most common infectious diseases in clinical practice. The causes of the disease are diverse, mainly caused by viruses and a few by bacteria or other pathogens. Although most upper respiratory infections are self-restricted diseases, scientific diagnosis and treatment are particularly important because some cases may be aggravated by complications or underlying diseases. Respiratory infections will be systematically described in this paper in terms of cause, clinical performance, diagnostic methods and treatment strategies.
I. Causes of upper respiratory infections
The main causes of upper respiratory infections are the following:
1. Virus infection (over 90%):
Common viruses include nasal, coronary, influenza, sub-influenza, gland and respiratory complexes (RSVs).
Virus infections are the main cause of upper respiratory infections, especially during the autumn winter season.
2. Bacteria infections (below):
Common pathogens include soluble streptococcus (e.g., group A beta streptococcus), pneumococcus, haemophilus influenzae and gluccus.
Bacteria infections are usually followed by viral infections or by immunosuppressors.
3. Other pathogens:
Atypical pathogens such as chlamydia and chlamydia may also cause upper respiratory infections, especially among adolescents and young people.
Inducing factors:
Environmental factors (e.g. cold, air pollution), smoking, excessive fatigue and reduced immunity can all increase the risk of infection.
II. Clinical manifestations of upper respiratory infections
Symptoms of upper respiratory infections vary according to the area of infection and the pathogens, but usually include the following:
1. Nasal symptoms:
Nasal plugs, flue aldicarb (initially clean water samples, which may become sticky or sneeze), sneezes.
2. Symptoms of the throat:
Swallowing pains, drying and difficulty in swallowing, with some of the patients likely to sound dumb.
3. All-body symptoms:
Light fever, lack of power, headaches, muscular acid.
Child patients may experience a high degree of heat associated with cold war.
4. Other symptoms:
Some of the patients may be associated with ear pains, ear pains (pistol inflammation) or eye symptoms (e.g., conjunctitis).
5. Pathological characteristics:
Symptoms usually peak in 3 to 5 days, generally for 7 to 10 days, and some patients may last longer.
III. Diagnosis of upper respiratory infections
The diagnosis of upper respiratory infections depends mainly on the history and clinical performance of the disease, which can be examined in conjunction with the laboratory when necessary.
1. Medical history collection:
Learn about patients ‘ symptoms, onset, history of epidemiological exposure (e.g. exposure to influenza) and history of past diseases.
Medical examination:
Check the nasal cavities, throats and ears to see if there is blood, secretions or other abnormalities.
The lungs are examined to exclude lower respiratory infections.
Laboratory inspection:
Blood routines: White cell counts are normal or lower when the virus is infected, and the lymphocyte rate increases; white cell counts rises when the bacteria are infected and the proportion of neutral particles increases.
Sorrow culture: used to identify bacterial infections, in particular streptocosis.
Virus detection: Identification of influenza viruses, coronary viruses, etc. through PCR or antigen detection.
4. Identification of the diagnosis:
The disease needs to be identified with allergies, acute nasal inflammations, and tonsils.
IV. Treatment of upper respiratory infections
Treatment of upper respiratory infections is based on treatment of symptoms, and antibacterial drugs are used only when bacterial infections are identified.
(i) Treatment of symptoms
1. Reheating pain:
The acetaminophenol or brofen is used to mitigate fever, headache and muscular acidity.
Mitigating nasal symptoms:
Nasal plugs: Partial recharging (e.g. pseudoephedrine) or saline water may be used to wash the nasal cavity, but it is not appropriate to use the recharging agent for long periods (generally not more than three days).
Fluid aldicarb: Anti-monomethamphetamine (e.g., chlorrepent) mitigates oversurgencies.
3. Mitigation of throat symptoms:
Absorption pain relief with larynx or local anesthetic spray (e.g., Lidocaine spray).
Keep their throats wet and drink warm water or honey.
Cough treatment:
In the case of dry cough, an anticussies (e.g. right methadone) can be used; in the case of a stupor, over-repression of cough should be avoided, and if necessary, the stupor (e.g. ammonia bromine) should be used.
(ii) Antiviral treatment
1. Influenza virus infection:
Early (48 hours) use of Ostave or Zanamive can reduce the pathology and the complications.
2. Other viral infections:
Most viruses are self-restricted and do not require specific antiretroviral treatment.
(iii) Antibacterial treatment
Adaptation:
It is defined as bacterial infection (e.g. streptococcal disease).
Symptoms persist for more than 10 days or are aggravated with signs of bacterial infection, such as heat and sepsis.
2. Common drugs:
Penicillin (e.g. Amosilin): The preferred use is for streptococcal osteoporosis.
Haemorrhoids (e.g., furcin): For penicillin allergies.
Large ringed esters (e.g., Archicin): for patients who are resistant to or allergic to penicillin.
(iv) Other treatment
1. Chinese medicine:
Treatment may be supported by a combination of mesopharmaceuticals (e.g., scavenger capsules, silver accelerants).
2. Lifestyle adjustment:
Sleep well enough to avoid overwork.
Drink more water, keep the air wet, and avoid smoking and drinking.
V. Prevention of upper respiratory infections
Vaccination:
Inoculation against influenza and the new corona vaccine can effectively prevent the associated viral infections.
2. Maintenance of good hygiene:
Wash your hands and avoid touching your nose and mouth.
Cough or sneeze with paper towels to prevent the spread of foam.
3. Increased immunity:
A balanced diet, adequate exercise and adequate sleep.
Stop smoking and limit alcohol to avoid the loss of immunity.
4. Avoiding the spread of infection:
Reduced access to crowd-intensive sites and hooded during influenza or new crowns.
Avoid close contact with those infected.
Concluding remarks
Upper respiratory infections are one of the most common clinical infectious diseases, and although most cases are self-restricted, scientific diagnosis and treatment can be effective in mitigating symptoms, reducing the pathology and preventing complications. Through sound treatment of symptoms, appropriate antiviral or antibacterial use, and good preventive measures, the incidence and risk of transmission of upper respiratory infections can be significantly reduced and personal and public health protected.
Acute upper respiratory infections