Diagnosis, Treatment and Attention for Male Breast Cancer

IntroductionBreast cancer is a female disease in most people’s minds, but in practice it is also possible for men to have breast cancer. Although the incidence of male breast cancer is relatively low, its easy neglect often leads to delays in diagnosis and treatment, with serious health implications for patients. This paper will explore in detail the areas requiring special attention in the diagnosis of male breast cancer, as well as the methods and methods of treatment to raise awareness and level of treatment for male breast cancer.II. Incidence and characteristics of male breast cancer(i) IncidenceBreast cancer is relatively rare among males, accounting for less than 1 per cent of all breast cancer cases. According to statistics, the incidence of breast cancer among males is about 1 per 100,000 males. In recent years, however, the incidence of male breast cancer has increased, which may be related to a number of factors, such as lifestyle changes, environmental factors, genetic factors, etc.(ii) Features1. Late ageMale breast cancer patients are usually older than females, and the majority of them are over 60 years of age.Symptoms are not typicalThe symptoms of male breast cancer may be unusual and easily neglected. For example, mammograms may be small and not easily detectable; symptoms such as eclampsia, retrenchment of nipples or internal insulation may not be visible.3. The influence of genetic factors is highSome genetic mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, are closely related to the incidence of male breast cancer. Men with family history of breast cancer are at higher risk of breast cancer.Diagnosis of male breast cancer(i) Clinical performance1. Breast swellingBreast swelling is the most common symptom of male breast cancer. The swelling is usually found beneath or around the tizziness, which is hard and border undefined and can be accompanied by pain or pressure. Unlike female breast cancer, male breasts are smaller and swelling is more likely to be detected. However, due to the low level of male concern for breast health, the presence of mammograms may be overlooked.Breast spillsBreast spills are also one of the common symptoms of male breast cancer. Spills can be blood, plasma or water samples. In the event of a milk spill, the possibility of breast cancer should be highly suspected and examined in a timely manner.3. Tilt retrenchment or ingestionBreast retrenchment or ingestion is another common symptom of male breast cancer. This is due to tumors that encroach on the tissue around the nipples, leading to a contraction or dimming of the nipples. Men who find abnormal changes in nipples should be examined in a timely manner.4. Breast skin changesThere may be changes in the breast skin of male breast cancer patients, such as red swelling, orange skin changes, skin ulcer etc. These symptoms are usually caused by tumours that violate breast skin or lymph tubes. Men should pay attention to changes in breast skin and detect anomalies in a timely manner.5. Entropy lymphoma swollenEntropy lymphoma is one of the common symptoms of breast cancer in men. This is due to the transfer of the tumor to the lymph nodes of the armpit. Large lymph knots are usually hard and border unclear, and can be accompanied by pain or stress. Men who find lymphocytes in armpits to be swollen should be examined in a timely manner.(ii) Visual inspection1. Breast ultrasoundBreast ultrasound is a common method of screening, which clearly shows the structure of the breast and the characteristics of the swelling. Breast ultrasound is of high diagnostic value for male breast smaller characteristics. In conducting breast ultrasound, care should be taken to observe the size, shape, boundary, internal echo and blood flow of the swelling. If suspicious swellings are found, further post-stabbing tests should be carried out to clearly diagnose them.Mammoth targetMammoth targets are also a common method of screening, where tiny calcified stoves and lumps can be found. However, the diagnostic value of mammoth targets is relatively low due to the small number of male breast tissues. In conducting mammograms, care should be taken to observe the overall structure of the breast, the distribution of calcified stoves and the characteristics of the swelling. If a suspicious situation is detected, a comprehensive determination should be made in conjunction with other methods of inspection.3. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)MRI can provide more detailed information on the internal structure of the breast, which is of great value for the diagnosis of difficult cases or for the assessment of the scope of the tumour and the degree of penetration. In conducting MRI examinations, care should be taken to observe the form, size, location, signal strength and relationship to the surrounding tissue. If a suspicious disease is detected, a stabbing biopsy should be carried out for a clear diagnosis.(iii) Pathological examination1. Stinger work testsStinging is one of the important methods of identifying male breast cancer. Organisational specimens can be obtained through needle piercing or needle piercing and pathological examinations. In carrying out the stabbing test, care should be taken to select the appropriate piercing location and method and to ensure that sufficient tissue specimens are obtained for diagnosis. At the same time, care should be taken to avoid complications such as haemorrhage, infection, etc. during the piercing process.2. Surgical hysterectomyFor some cases where the diagnosis is difficult, there may be a need for a surgical biopsy. Surgeon biopsy provides a complete tumour tissue sample, a pathological examination and a clear diagnosis. When performing surgical excise, care should be taken to select the appropriate surgical method and location to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the operation. At the same time, care should be taken to avoid complications such as haemorrhage and infection during surgery.(iv) Laboratory inspection1. Oncology marker screeningOncological markers can help to determine the incidence and prognosis of male breast cancer. Common tumour markers include cancer embryo antigens (CEA), sugar antigens 15 – 3 (CA15 – 3) etc. In conducting oncological examinations, care should be taken to combine the patient ‘ s clinical performance and other findings.2. Hormonal level checksThe incidence of male breast cancer is closely related to changes in hormonal levels in the body. Thus, hormonal level examinations help to understand the patient ‘ s condition and causes. Common hormonal screening programmes include hormonal, estrogen, pregnancy hormone, etc. In conducting hormonal level checks, care should be taken to select the appropriate inspection time and methods to ensure the accuracy of the results.(v) Genetic counsellingGenetic counselling is required for male patients with family history of breast cancer. Genetic counselling helps patients to understand their own risk of breast cancer and provides prevention and screening advice. If there are cases of genetic mutation in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 families, the risk of breast cancer among male relatives is significantly increased, and genetic tests should be conducted to determine whether the mutation genes are carried.IV. METHODOLOGY AND METHODOLOGIES FOR MATERIAL IMAGES(i) Surgery1. BreastectomyBreastectomy is the main method of surgery for male breast cancer. Depending on the size and scope of the tumour, the choice may be made for a full mastectomy or a partial mastectomy. The whole mastectomy is the removal of the entire breast, including the nipple, the tizziness and the surrounding breast tissue. Part of the mammography is the removal of only the tumor and part of the breast tissue around it, and the retention of part of the breast. The choice of the procedure should be considered in the light of the specific circumstances of the patient and the advice of the doctor.2. Armpit lymph scavengerIf the armpit lymph is swollen or suspected to be transferred, the armpit lymph scavenger shall be performed. An armpit lymph scavenger can determine whether the tumor has been transferred to the armpit lymph node to provide a basis for the phasing and treatment. Care should be taken to avoid damage to the neurological and blood vessels of the armpits and to reduce the occurrence of surgical complications in the conduct of lymphomy.(ii) Radiotherapy1. Post-operative paramedical treatmentPost-operative assisted treatment is one of the most important treatments for male breast cancer. Usually performed after surgery, used to kill residual cancer cells and reduce the risk of relapse. The dose of radiotherapy and the course of treatment depends on the patient ‘ s specific circumstances. In the case of radiotherapy, care should be taken to protect the normal surroundings and to reduce the occurrence of therapeutic complications.2. Newly assisted pre-operative treatmentNewly assisted treatment is available prior to the operation for male breast cancer patients who are partially late. New assisted treatment can reduce the size of the tumor, reduce the tumour period and create conditions for surgery. In the introduction of new assisted treatment, care should be taken to observe the evolution of the tumor and to adjust the treatment programme in a timely manner.(iii) Chemical treatment1. Complementary chemotherapyAuxiliary chemotherapy is one of the important treatments for male breast cancer. Auxiliary chemotherapy should be provided for patients with lymphoma transfer, high tumours and high risk factors. Auxiliary chemotherapy programmes are usually based on the type of tumor, the period, the patient ‘ s physical condition, etc. In the conduct of complementary chemotherapy, care should be taken to observe the adverse effects of chemotherapy and to adjust the chemotherapy programme in a timely manner.2. Newly assisted chemotherapyNewly assisted chemotherapy is available prior to the operation for male breast cancer patients who are partially late. Newly assisted chemotherapy can reduce the size of the tumor, reduce the tumour period and create conditions for surgery. Care should be taken to observe changes in tumours and to adjust the treatment programme in a timely manner when conducting new assisted chemotherapy.(iv) Endocrine treatment1. He’s MotsofenHe was the preferred drug for breast cancer endocrinology treatment for men. Endocrine treatment should be provided for patients who are estrogen-positive. He can compete with estrogen and combine estrogen receptors, thus inhibiting the growth of tumour cells. The course of endocrine treatment is usually 5-10 years. In the course of endocrine treatment, care should be taken to observe the adverse effects of drugs such as heat, nausea, vomiting, etc.2. Aromatic enzyme inhibitorsEndocrine treatment is provided with aromatic enzyme inhibitors for some male breast cancers with higher levels of male hormones. Aromatic enzyme inhibitors inhibit the transformation of male hormones to estrogens, thus reducing the level of estrogens in the body and inhibiting the growth of tumour cells. In endocrine treatment with aromatic enzymes inhibitors, care should be taken to monitor indicators such as hormonal levels and bone density of patients and to avoid adverse effects such as osteoporosis.(v) Target treatment1. Monovalent tulipsTarget treatment is available for HeR2-positive male breast cancer patients. The monoclonism is a single clone antibodies for the HeR2 receptor, which can be specifically combined with HeR2 positive tumour cells and inhibit the growth and spread of tumour cells. In the treatment of the target, care should be taken to observe the adverse effects of drugs, such as cardiac toxicity.2. Patoles stand alonePato-Claude is also a single clone antibodies for HeR2 receptors, which can be used in combination with tuto-Claude to enhance the efficacy of the treatment. The adverse effects of drugs, such as allergies, should be observed during the single anti-treatment of Pato-Zhu.(vi) Immunization treatmentImmunization treatment is an emerging treatment that may have some effect on some advanced male breast cancer patients. The application of immunotherapy to male breast cancer is at the research stage and further clinical research is needed to determine its efficacy and safety.Attention to male breast cancer treatment(i) Individualized treatmentThe treatment of male breast cancer should be individualized according to the specific circumstances of the patient. Treatment programmes should also vary according to the patient ‘ s condition, physical condition, age, etc. Treatment programmes should be developed with due regard to the wishes and needs of the patient and with adequate communication and consultation with the patient.(ii) Integrated treatmentTreatment of male breast cancer usually requires a combination of treatment methods, including surgery, treatment, chemotherapy, endocrine treatment, target-oriented treatment, etc. Different treatments can complement each other and improve their effectiveness. In the context of integrated treatment, care should be taken to the sequence and timing of treatment and to avoid interference between treatments.(iii) Treatment of adverse effectsThere may be a number of adverse effects in the treatment of male breast cancer, such as surgical complications, therapeutic malfeasance, chemotherapy malfeasance, endocrine malfeasance, and target-oriented malfeasance. During treatment, the adverse reactions of patients should be closely observed and addressed in a timely manner. For some serious adverse effects, treatment programmes should be adapted in a timely manner to ensure the safety of patients.(iv) Psychological supportMale breast cancer patients may experience psychological problems during treatment, such as anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, etc. Patients should be given adequate psychological support during the treatment process to build their confidence in overcoming the disease. Psychological counselling, psychotherapy and patient education can be used to help patients reduce their psychological stress and improve their quality of life.(v) Follow-up and monitoringMale breast cancer patients require regular follow-up and monitoring after treatment in order to understand the patient ‘ s evolving condition and the effectiveness of the treatment. Follow-up and monitoring include physical examinations, visual examinations, laboratory examinations, etc. During follow-up and monitoring, problems should be identified and addressed in a timely manner to improve the survival and quality of life of patients.ConclusionsMale breast cancer, while relatively rare, cannot be ignored. With regard to the diagnosis of male breast cancer, attention should be paid to clinical performance, visual examinations, pathological examinations, laboratory examinations and genetic counselling. In terms of treatment, individualized integrated treatments, including surgery, treatment, chemotherapy, endocrinology, target-oriented treatment and immunotherapy, should be used on a patient-specific basis. At the same time, attention should be paid to the treatment of adverse effects, psychological support and follow-up monitoring in order to improve the effectiveness and quality of life of patients. As medical technology progresses, it is believed that the diagnosis and treatment of male breast cancer will become more accurate and effective in the future. Male breast cancer