In the medical field, bacterial and viral diseases are two common types of infectious diseases, with significant differences in many areas, and an accurate understanding of these differences is essential for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases.
1. Pathogen properties, bacteria are single-cell organisms with basic structures, such as cell walls, membranes and cell mass, in a variety of forms, such as spherical, pole, spiral, etc. They can survive and reproduce independently in a variety of environments, and some bacteria can form sprouts to protect against bad conditions. For example, a common bacteria that causes a variety of diseases such as skin soft tissue infections and pneumonia.
The virus is a type of non-cellular micro-organisms with a simple structure, consisting mainly of nucleic acid (DNA) or RNA) and protein casings, which must be parasitic within the living cells in order to carry out their activities. In the case of influenza viruses, which are constantly changing, can trigger a seasonal influenza epidemic that affects and reproduces large numbers of upper-respiratory cells in humans.
II. Incidence mechanisms, which, when bacteria become infected with the human body, tend to reproduce locally and cause disease through the release of toxins (invents or vitros), attacks on tissue organs, etc. For example, the tetanus convulsive toxin produced by Tetanus Bacillus can function in the nervous system, leading to serious symptoms such as muscle convulsions.
When infected with human cells, the virus reproduces itself using the material and energy of the host cell, disrupts the normal metabolic and function of the host cell, causing cell disease and even death. Like HIV, which primarily attacks CD4+T lymphocytes in the human immune system, gradually destroys human immune functions and makes patients susceptible to co-optimal infections and tumors.
Clinical performance, the symptoms of bacterial infections vary according to the pathogens and areas of infection. In general, local symptoms are more visible, such as the appearance of red edema, septosis, etc. in skin infections; the occurrence of bacterial infections in the respiratory tract is often accompanied by high heat, cough, cough, and sepsis, with sepsis; and the effects of bacterial infections in the urinary system are such as urine frequency, urinary acuteness, urinary pain and urinary ailments. Some bacterial infections can also cause systemic symptoms, such as sepsis, which can lead to high heat, cold warfare, general inactivity, bruises on skin, etc.
Clinical manifestations of viral infections are also diverse. Many of the infections are initially manifested in whole-body symptoms such as fever, inefficiency, headaches and muscular acid problems, followed by symptoms of stress on specific organs. For example, intestinal virus infections can give rise to hand-and-foot oral diseases, as shown by rashes or herpes in the hand, foot, mouth, etc.; respiratory virus infections, such as common flu, are mainly characterized by upper respiratory karta symptoms such as nose plugs, sneezes and sneezes, while influenza virus infections are more acute and relatively severe.
Laboratory examinations, in which blood is a common means of initial screening. In case of bacterial infections, the total number of white cells tends to rise, the proportion of neutral particles increases, and there may be a nuclear left shift, such as a significant increase in the blood count of patients with sepsis.
When the virus is infected, the total number of white cells is generally normal or lower, and the proportion of lymphocytes may increase. But this is not absolute, as some of the viruses are likely to experience a brief increase in early white cells. In addition, specific examinations of pathogens are essential for a clear diagnosis. Bacteria cultures can determine bacterial types and conduct drug-sensitive tests to guide antibiotic treatments; viral tests include viral nucleic acid testing (e.g. PCR technology), viral antigen testing and serophylactic antibody testing, such as new coronary virus nucleic acid testing positive confirmed new coronary virus infections.
V. The treatment of bacterial infectious diseases is based on antibiotics, with different types of bacteria being sensitive to different types of antibiotics. For example, penicillin antibiotics are more effective for gland positives and the antibacterial spectrophyllin antibiotics are more widely available for a variety of bacterial infections. Treatment requires the rational selection of antibiotics based on bacterial culture and drug-sensitive results to ensure treatment effectiveness and reduce the production of resistant bacteria.
Most viral infections currently lack specific antiretroviral drugs. The treatment is mainly based on treatment for disease support, such as the giving of deheating drugs to heat and the alleviation of symptoms such as cough and cough. Some viral infections can use specific antivirals, such as Ostave, an anti-influenza virus, which is used to mitigate symptoms and reduce the pathology of influenza at an early stage, while anti-HIV drugs require long-term joint use to inhibit the replicability of the virus and slow progress.
Preventive measures, prevention of bacterial infections, and day-to-day attention to hygiene are crucial, such as hand washing, keeping the environment clean and avoiding exposure to the sources of infection. Some specific bacterial infections can be prevented by vaccinations, such as pneumocococcal vaccines, which can effectively reduce the risk of pneumonia.
Vaccination is an important means of prevention, in addition to maintaining good hygiene practices. For example, annual influenza vaccinations can provide some protection against influenza virus infections; hepatitis B vaccines can effectively prevent hepatitis B virus infections. In addition, during the epidemic, public health measures such as the segregation of sources of infection and the cutting off of transmission routes (such as the wearing of masks, enhanced ventilation, and so forth) are important in controlling the spread of the virus.
There are significant differences between bacterial and viral diseases in terms of pathogen properties, morbidity mechanisms, clinical performance, laboratory examinations, treatment methods and preventive measures. Clinicians need to integrate multiple information to make accurate judgements in order to develop a sound treatment programme; the public should also be aware of these differences, increase awareness of disease prevention and maintain their own health.
