Early screening for breast cancer
Breast cancer is the most common malignant neoplasm in the country for women, and early screening is important for improving the survival and quality of life of patients.
Breast cancer is the highest incidence of malignant neoplasms in the world, and the incidence of breast cancer in the country is rising year by year. According to statistics, every year we have about 300,000 new cases of breast cancer and 100,000 deaths. Breast cancer has a peak age of 50-69 years, but the incidence of young patients (35 years) has also increased in recent years.
Early screening methods for breast cancer
Breast self-censorship is an important method of early detection of breast cancer and applies to all women. It is recommended that a breast self-inspection be conducted on a monthly basis, consisting mainly of two steps of observation and touch. (1) Observation: stand in front of the mirror, with your hands on your waist, and observe the size, shape, symmetry, skin colour, whether or not the nipples are ingested. (2) Touch: after the shower or before bed, touch the whole breast with your finger and check for anomalies such as hard blocks, thickening, ejection.
Clinical examinations of the breast are carried out by a specialist and include, inter alia, visits, contact visits and milk spills. It is recommended that a clinical breast examination be conducted annually.
Breast-image screening
(1) Breast ultrasound: breast ultrasound is an inert, non-irradiated method of screening, which applies to all women, especially young women and people with amplified breast. Breast ultrasound allows for the observation of breast structure, the identification of the benignness of mammograms and a higher sensitivity to early breast cancer.
(2) Mammoth Target: The Mammoth Target is a low-dose, high-comparison mammography technique that applies to women over 40 years of age. Mammoth targets detect small calcified stoves for early breast cancer and have a high sensitivity and specificity to early breast cancer diagnosis.
(3) Magnetic resonance of the breast (MRI): Breast MRI applies to the screening of high-risk groups, such as the family history of genetic breast cancer, the genetic mutations of breast cancer, etc. The breast MRI has a high soft tissue resolution and a high detection rate of microclinics.
4. Breast biomarker detection
(1) estrogen receptor (ER) and pregnancy hormone receptor (PR): ER and PR are important predictors for breast cancer treatment. Positive patients may consider endocrine treatment.
(2) Human skin growth factor receptor 2 (HER2): HeR2 positive breast cancer patients have a poor prognosis, but the targeting of HeR2 can increase the survival of patients.
(3) Ki-67: Ki-67 is a sign of cell proliferation, the expression of which is related to the severity and prognosis of breast cancer.
III. Strategy for early breast cancer screening
1. General population: It is recommended that women aged 40-69 be given an annual mammogram and, if necessary, an ultrasound.
2. High-risk groups: it is recommended that high-risk groups start screening early, such as the family history of genetic breast cancer, the genetic mutations of breast cancer, etc., and the mammography MRI at age 25.
3. Men: Although the incidence of breast cancer is low for men, there is still a risk of morbidity. Male patients who detect breast abnormalities should be treated in a timely manner. In conclusion, early breast cancer screening is important for improving the survival and quality of life of patients. In clinical practice, individualized screening strategies should be developed based on the age of the patient, the type of breast, family history, etc. Early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment of breast cancer are used to reduce the morbidity and mortality of breast cancer through a variety of means, including breast self-inspection, clinical examination, visual examination and biomarker testing.
IV. Treatment and intervention for early breast cancer is essential once early breast cancer is detected through screening.
The following are common methods of early breast cancer treatment: Breastpaste is applied to patients with smaller tumours and no lymphoma transfer, and allows for the preservation of breast appearances and the improvement of quality of life. Breastectomy is mainly for patients with larger or multiple tumours. 2. Rehabilitation: This can reduce the risk of re-emergence of breast cancer and is often used for supportive treatment after breast care. For certain high-risk patients, such as high tumours and lymphoma positives, treatment is also important. 3. Chemotherapy: chemotherapy is often used for post-operative assistive treatment, through the treatment of drug cancer cells, to reduce the risk of relapse and diversion. The chemotherapy programme is based on the age of the patient, the type of tumor, the condition of the receptor, etc. 4. Endocrine treatment: Endocrine treatment reduces the risk of relapse for ER and P-positive early breast cancer patients. The most common drugs are his mosaic, curvature, etc. 5. Target-oriented treatment: Target-oriented treatment can improve treatment for early breast cancer patients who are Sher2 positive.
6. Biology treatment: In recent years, bioimmunotherapy has gradually been applied to early breast cancer treatment, such as PD-1 inhibitors and CTLA-4 inhibitors.
V. PREVENTION AND HEALTH EDUCATION
1. Healthy lifestyles: maintaining good pacing patterns, avoiding late-nighting and overworking; rational diet, increasing the intake of vegetables, fruits and whole-grain food, reducing the intake of high-fat and sugary foods; and adequate exercise to keep weight within normal limits.
2. Avoiding harmful factors: reducing alcohol intake and avoiding long-term exposure to estrogen-type drugs such as contraceptives, menopause hormonal substitution therapy, etc.
3. Health education: increasing knowledge about breast cancer prevention and treatment and raising women ‘ s awareness of self-care. Breast cancer screening activities are conducted on a regular basis to improve the screening rate.
4. Psychological support: Psychological support is equally important for breast cancer patients. Encourage patients to participate in activities such as patient associations, psychological counselling, etc., to increase confidence against disease. Overall, early breast cancer screening is key to reducing breast cancer mortality and improving the quality of life of patients. Through detailed medical research, we should place greater emphasis on early breast cancer screening and provide a full range of clinical services to patients. At the same time, preventive and health education is being strengthened to improve women ‘ s health and to combat breast cancer. In the future, as medical technology continues to develop, we are confident that we will make a greater breakthrough in the early screening and treatment of breast cancer.
Treatment and intervention for early breast cancer
The treatment and intervention of early breast cancer emphasizes individualization and integration. After a clear diagnosis, the doctor develops a treatment programme based on the patient ‘ s specific condition, including the size, location, classification, condition of the receptor and the patient ‘ s physical condition and wishes. 1. Surgery: Surgery for early breast cancer is usually the preferred option. Breastpaste (lumpectomy) co-opting is a common treatment for breast retention and is applied in cases of smaller tumours and no skin intrusion. Mastectomy may be a better option for patients who are not suitable for breast-feeding. 2. Auxiliary treatment: Post-operative assistive treatment includes treatment, chemotherapy and endocrine treatment. – Rehabilitation: The three-dimensional retrofitting (3D-CRT) and the intensity modulation (IMRT) can be used to irradiate the surgical area or the breast with precision to reduce damage to normal tissue. – chemotherapy: possible cancer cells can be effectively eliminated through different combinations of chemotherapy programmes. Endocrine treatment: Endocrine treatment drugs can inhibit the growth of tumour-dependent tumour cells for ER and PR-positive patients. 3. Target treatment: The use of single-purpose drugs, such as anti-tratophorus, has significantly improved the treatment and reduced the risk of relapse for patients who are HeR2 positive
With the deepening of medical research and the application of new technologies, we have reason to believe that more significant progress will be made in the future in the fight against breast cancer.
