Epidemiology of breast cancer and related screening methods

Incidence, causes and related screening of breast cancer I. Incidence 1, global scale 1). Breast cancer is high globally and is increasing year by year. According to data published by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) of the World Health Organization, the number of new cases of breast cancer worldwide reached 2.26 million in 2020, surpassing lung cancer for the first time, making it the world ‘ s largest cancer. The incidence rates vary from one region to another and are generally higher in developed than in developing countries. This may be related to a variety of factors, such as lifestyle, environmental factors, health care, etc. The incidence of breast cancer is also increasing in China. In recent years, there has been a marked increase in the incidence of breast cancer as a result of changes in people ‘ s lifestyles, changing fertility patterns and environmental factors. The incidence rates in urban areas are higher than in rural areas, which may be related to such factors as urban women ‘ s stress, dietary structure and fertility patterns. Breast cancer can occur in women of all ages, but the primary incidence is between 40 and 60 years of age. As age increases, the incidence increases. Over the years, the incidence of breast cancer among young women has also increased, causing widespread concern. In some developed countries, the incidence of breast cancer is relatively low among young women and higher among older women as a result of widespread breast cancer screening and improved early detection techniques. In developing countries, the incidence of breast cancer among young women may be relatively high and often at an advanced stage of diagnosis, owing to limited medical resources and insufficient screening. III. Epidemic factors: I. Genetic factors 1 and family genetic tendencies 1) For example, the risk of breast cancer has increased significantly among women carrying a genetic mutation of BRCA1 and BRCA2. 2). Research shows that about 5% to 10% of breast cancer cases are associated with genetic mutation. 1. Estrogen and gestation hormone levels 1) For example, early onset (less than 12 years) and late menopausal (more than 55 years) can prolong women ‘ s exposure to estrogen. 2. Changes in hormonal levels in the body may also be associated with the occurrence of breast cancer among women who have not given birth, who have given birth late (first birth after age 35) and who have not breastfed. Oral contraceptives and hormonal substitution therapy 1) The long-term use of oral contraceptives may slightly increase the risk of breast cancer. 2) The use of hormone substitution therapy after menopause may also increase the risk of breast cancer, but the risk varies according to the type, dose and duration of the hormone used. Lifestyle factor 1, bad eating habits (1). High fat, high heat and low fibre diets may increase the risk of breast cancer. For example, there is over-ingestion of red meat, processed meat and fried food, while the consumption of vegetables, fruits and whole grains is lacking. Overdouring is also considered to be one of the risk factors for breast cancer, and alcohol may affect hormonal levels in the body and adversely affect breast tissue. The chronic lack of physical exercise can lead to increased body weight and reduced body metabolic functions, increasing the risk of breast cancer. Moderate exercise can help maintain healthy weight, reduce hormone levels and enhance the functioning of the immune system. Tobacco use not only increases the risk of other diseases, such as lung cancer, but may also be associated with breast cancer. Harmful substances in tobacco may affect normal metabolism and repair of breast cells and increase the risk of genetic mutation. 1. Long-term exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation, such as medical radiation (multiple chest X-rays, CT scans, etc.) or occupational radiation exposure, may increase the risk of breast cancer. In general, however, the radiation doses in medical examinations are generally within safe limits and the risk increases significantly only when high doses are frequently received. 1. Chemical substances in the environment, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins and pesticide residues, may have adverse effects on breast tissue and increase the risk of breast cancer. Persistent exposure to hazardous substances in certain industrial chemicals and plastics may also be associated with the occurrence of breast cancer. The chronic mental stress, anxiety and depression disorders may affect the functioning of the immune system and the balance of the endocrine system, thus increasing the risk of breast cancer. For example, the risk of breast cancer may be relatively high for women who have long been in a high-pressure working environment or are living under greater stress. The incidence of breast cancer is the result of a combination of factors. An understanding of these causes can help women take appropriate preventive measures to reduce the risk of breast cancer. At the same time, regular breast screening and early detection and treatment of breast cancer are important. What tests can detect breast cancer? The following are some of the tests that can be used to diagnose breast cancer: 2. In the face of the mirror, observe the size of the breast on both sides, whether the shape is symmetrical, whether the skin is red or red, dents, orange skin changes, etc. It then touches the breast with its fingertips, starting with the outside upper and lower, inner and upper in turn, and finally the area where the nipple is faint, to check for any swellings and knots. They also squeeze their nipples and observe the presence of secretions. 3. Although self-inspection does not identify breast cancer, it can help women to detect breast abnormalities at an early stage and to undergo further medical examinations in a timely manner. Doctors examine the appearance of their breasts, skin colours, nipples, etc., as well as the area above the breast, armpits and collarbone with their hands. The doctor’s experience and professional judgement allow for a preliminary assessment of the mammography. 4. For further examination