General knowledge of antibacterial treatment methods
I. What is antibacterial therapy?
Antibacterial treatment refers to the treatment of bacterial infectious diseases by using antibacterial drugs to suppress or kill pathogenic bacteria. It is designed to eliminate infection and restore the health of the patient by interfering with the biological function of the bacteria and destroying the structure of the bacteria.
II. Choice of antibacterial drugs
1. Choosing drugs based on pathogens
• Prior to treatment of antibacterial drugs, laboratory tests (e.g., bacterial culture, drug sensitivity tests, etc.) are usually required to determine the type of pathogens infected and the types of antibacterial drugs to which they are sensitive. For cases of pneumonia, for example, penicillin-like drugs are usually the first of their choice if the slurry culture results in an infection with pneumococcus, and if the sensitization test indicates that the fungus is sensitive to penicillin.
If the results of the pathogen tests are not available in a timely manner, the doctor may select antibacterial drugs empirically based on the area of infection, clinical performance of the patient, etc. For example, in the case of community access to sexually urological infections, common pathogens, e.g. e. e., e.g., e.g., e.s., fluorophenone-type drugs may be the first consideration.
2. Consideration of patient factors
The age, sex, underlying disease, liver and kidney function of the patient can also influence the choice of antibacterial drugs. For example, the kidney function of older persons is likely to decline, and for antibacterial drugs (e.g. amino sugar slurry) that are mainly excreted through kidneys, there is a need to adjust the dose or avoid use in order to avoid adverse effects of the drug accumulation in the body.
• Pregnant and lactating women need special attention, and certain antibacterial drugs can have adverse effects on the foetus or the baby, such as tetracyclic drugs that can cause abnormal foetal teeth and bones development and should therefore be avoided. For patients with liver diseases, some liver metabolic antibacterial drugs (e.g. erythrin esters, etc.) may increase the liver burden and require careful choice.
III. Access to medication
1. Oral administration
• This is the most common route of delivery, which is easy, affordable and accessible to patients. For patients with mild, moderate and stable infections. For example, for mild respiratory infections, such as bacterial oscillitis, tonsilitis, etc., oral antibacterial drugs such as Amocilin, crouples, etc.
• When oral antibacterial drugs are administered in the right way, they are usually delivered with a proper amount of warm water, and are not delivered with a drink, milk, etc., so as not to affect the absorption or interaction of the drug.
2. Drug injection
• Includes muscle and intravenous injections. Injection of muscles is relatively slow, but it lasts longer and applies to initial treatment for patients who are unable to take oral or oral ingestion, as well as for patients with moderate and severe infections. For example, some patients with post-intestinal tract infections may not be able to take oral drugs at an early stage of the operation, at which point muscular antibacterials may be used.
• An intravenous injection allows the drug to enter the blood cycle quickly and to work quickly for patients with serious infections, critical conditions or who need to reach a rapid and effective blood dose concentration. In cases of infectious shock, emergency treatment is usually provided with intravenous antibacterial drugs. However, intravenous injection requires strict adherence to protocols to prevent complications such as infection.
3. Local medicine
• For some local infections, such as skin, eye and ear infections, local medicine can be used. For example, bacterial conjunctitis can be partially treated with antibacterial eye water, such as left-oxidoxen salsa drops of eye fluids; skin oscillations, etc., can be coated with antibacterial ointment, such as moopero.
• Locally used drugs should be sensitive to their concentration and use methods and avoid adverse effects such as over-use or inappropriate use of drugs leading to local irritation. At the same time, care should be taken to prevent the spread of endemic infections.
Therapeutic process
General principles
The treatment of anti-bacterial drugs should be determined on the basis of factors such as the type of infection, the severity, the type of pathogens and the physical condition of the patient. In general, for acute infections, after the symptoms have disappeared, the body temperature has returned to normal, and laboratory examination indicators (e.g., the white cell count in the blood routine) have returned to normal, there is a need to continue to use medication for a period of time to ensure that bacteria are completely eliminated and to prevent the recurrence of infection. For example, acute bronchitis patients are treated with antibacterial drugs, and general symptoms are reduced with a further 3 to 5 days of continuous use.
• The treatment process may be longer for chronic or specific infections. In the case of tuberculosis treatment, there is usually a need for a combination of antibacterial drugs, with sessions lasting months or even longer, to ensure a complete cure and to reduce relapse and drug resistance.
2. Adjustment of the treatment programme
• In the course of treatment, the type, dose or course of treatment may need to be adjusted if the patient’s condition does not improve as expected, or if there are repeated cases, etc., a timely assessment of the effect of the treatment is required. For example, when treating pneumonia, if the patient’s body temperature continues to rise after a few days of medication and there is no improvement in the symptoms of cough and cough, further examination of the existence of pathogen resistance, the combination of other infections, etc., may be required, and the treatment programme may be adjusted to the results by extending the treatment or replacing more effective antibacterial drugs.
• On the other hand, if the patient has a good response to treatment, the symptoms are eased rapidly, but premature withdrawal may also lead to a relapse into infection. The patient should therefore complete the whole course of treatment in strict compliance with the doctor ‘ s recommendation and not stop taking the medication.
V. Joint use of medicines
Purpose of joint use
• Improved efficacy: In cases of serious infections or poor single-drug treatment, the joint use of antibacterial drugs with different mechanisms can enhance antibacterial effectiveness. For example, co-use of penicillin and Quintacin is common in the treatment of bacterial endometriflammitis, a synergy that can better kill pathogens.
• Expansion of the antibacterial spectrum: different antibacterials are antibacterial for different types of bacteria, and a combination of drugs can cover a wider range of pathogens. For example, in the case of complex abdominal infections, there may be a combination of bacterial infections, and the combined use of head enzyme and mitazole can be treated for both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.
• Prevention of resistance: In some cases, joint use can reduce the incidence of bacterial resistance. For example, in the treatment of tuberculosis, the joint use of multiple anti-tuberculosis drugs can reduce the probability that the tuberculosis fungus produces resistance to a single drug.
Principles of joint use
• The need for clear instructions: joint use of drugs is not arbitrary and must be well justified and grounded. The doctor will decide whether a joint drug is required, depending on the patient’s condition, the pathogen characteristics, etc. Co-medicine use is generally considered only in cases where the monopharmaceutical treatment is not able to control the condition, the pathogen is unknown and critical, and is susceptible to resistance.
• Selecting the right combination of drugs: there should be synergy or synergy between drugs, avoiding mutual constraints. At the same time, consideration should be given to the adverse effects of drugs and to minimizing the overlap of adverse effects. For example, the combination of β-neamide antibiotics (e.g. penicillin, septophiles) and amino-sulfonic acids is usually co-opactivated, but attention is paid to adverse effects such as ear toxicity and kidney toxicity of amino-sulfonic acids.
• Precaution on the order and time interval of use: When some antibacterial drugs are used in combination, attention needs to be paid to the sequence and time interval of use to ensure better synergy between drugs. For example, in the joint use of antibacterial drugs and probacterial formulations, a time interval is generally required to prevent antibacterial drugs from killing probative bacteria and affecting their efficacy.
Monitoring during treatment
1. Clinical signs observation
During treatment of antibacterial drugs, doctors closely observe changes in the patient’s symptoms, such as ablution in body temperature, pain, cough and diarrhoea. Treatment may be effective if the patient ‘ s symptoms are gradually reduced or disappear; conversely, if the symptoms continue to increase or do not improve, the treatment may need to be adjusted. For example, in cases of fever, treatment with antibacterial drugs, if the body temperature is gradually declining and normal, suggests that the infection is under control; but if the heat continues to recede or is recurrent, the causes, such as the availability of pathogen resistant drugs and the lack of sufficient doses, need to be further identified.
Laboratory inspection
• Periodic laboratory examinations are an important means of assessing the effectiveness of antibacterial drug treatment. Common screening programmes include blood protocol, C reaction protein, pathology, etc. Indicators such as the white cell count and the ratio of neutral particles in blood patterns can reflect the extent of the infection and the effects of the treatment. For example, in the treatment of bacterial infections, as conditions improve, white cell counts tend to return to normal. C-reaction protein is a symptom of inflammation and its level decreases after infection control. Pathological examinations, such as bacterial culture and drug sensitivity tests, may need to be repeated in the course of treatment in order to know whether pathogens have been removed and whether there has been drug resistance to guide subsequent treatment.
3. Monitoring of adverse effects
• Pay attention to the negative response of patients during treatment. Antibacterial drugs can cause a variety of adverse effects, such as allergies, gastrointestinal responses, and damage to liver and kidney function. The doctor asks if the patient has symptoms such as rash, itching, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, yellow salivation, etc., and regularly conducts relevant examinations such as liver function, kidney function, etc. If adverse effects are detected, appropriate measures should be taken in a timely manner, such as detoxification, substitution of drugs, treatment of symptoms, etc. For example, when patients experience allergies, such as rashes, itchings, etc., following the use of a herbicide-like drug, they should immediately stop and be treated for allergies. The correct treatment of antibacterial drugs requires a combination of multiple aspects, and patients should be treated in strict accordance with the guidance of a doctor, and not use drugs or change treatment programmes at their own discretion, in order to ensure the effectiveness and safety of treatment, promote the rehabilitation of diseases and reduce the generation of bacterial resistance. If there is any doubt or discomfort during treatment, the doctor should be contacted in a timely manner.
