Diabetes, an increasingly common chronic disease, is affecting the health of hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Understanding diabetes is essential for the prevention, control and treatment of the disease.
I. Types of diabetes
Diabetes is mainly classified as type 1, 2 and gestational diabetes. The majority of type 1 diabetes cases occur among children and young people, mainly because of the fact that insulin is absolutely inadequate as a result of wrongful attacks on β-cells in insulin by its own immune system. Patients tend to be in a state of emergency, with visible symptoms of “more than three” (drinking, eating, urinating, weight loss). Type 2 diabetes is the most common type, usually occurring after adulthood. Its insulin resistance is mainly associated with insulin insufficiency or insulin resistance. The situation is relatively slow and the symptoms may be unusual, and many patients find it only when they are examined. Diabetes during pregnancy is defined as sugar metabolic abnormalities occurring during pregnancy, usually during the middle and later stages of pregnancy, which, if not controlled, can have adverse effects on both the pregnant woman and the foetus.
II. Symptoms of diabetes, in addition to the typical “triple or less”, may also have symptoms such as inactivity, blurred vision and skin itching. High blood sugar can lead to higher blood osmosis pressure and loss of cell water, thus stimulating the thirst centre and making people drink more. The additional urine is due to the fact that the blood sugar rises above the kidney sugar threshold, and glucose filtered through the renal ball cannot be fully absorbed by the renal tube, creating permeability. As the body does not take full advantage of glucose and the energy supply is inadequate, the body supplements the energy by decomposing the fat and proteins, resulting in reduced body weight.
The effects of diabetes are that chronic high blood sugar can cause damage to organs and systems of the body. The eye can cause retinasis and can cause blindness in serious cases. With respect to the kidneys, there is a risk of diabetes, which has evolved from trace amounts of protein urine to a significant amount of protein urine and even kidney failure. Cardiovascular systems are also affected, and the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction among diabetes patients increases significantly. The nervous system is also not immune to neurological changes that can occur in the surroundings, in the form of body numbness, pain, loss of feeling, etc., and may also affect the autonomous nervous system, leading to gastrointestinal disorders, urination abnormalities, etc. In addition, diabetes patients are also vulnerable to infection and the wounds heal more slowly than normal people.
Treatment of diabetes
(i) Dietary treatment, which is the basis for the treatment of diabetes. To control the total calorie, it is calculated on the basis of weight, age, sex, activity, etc. of the patient. Rational distribution of the proportion of carbohydrates, proteins and fat. Increased intake of food fibres, more vegetables and more cereals. Reducing ingestion of high sugar, fat and salty foods such as candy, fried food, pickles, etc.
(ii) Motion treatment. Appropriate exercise can increase insulin sensitivity and help control blood sugar. Common sports such as walking, jogging, Tai Chi Fist, swimming, etc. The exercise should be gradual and sustained, with aerobic activity of at least 150 minutes ‘ medium intensity per week. At the same time, attention should be paid to the safety of the movement and to the need to avoid excess abdominal or blood sugar movements at low times.
(iii) Drug treatment, including oral sugar and insulin. There are various types of oral sugar-reducing drugs, such as sulfonyls, double gills, glenays, α-sugar enzymes inhibitors, thanedigenes, etc., which reduce blood sugar through different mechanisms. Insulin applies to type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes with poor oral control. Insulin is also of many kinds, such as short-acting, medium-acting, long-acting insulin, which is strictly medically prescribed.
(iv) Blood sugar monitoring. Patients regularly monitor blood sugar, including empty abdominal sugar, post-eat sugar, etc. Blood sugar monitoring provides information on blood sugar control and timely adjustment of treatment programmes. At the same time, regular tests are also conducted for glucose hemoglobin, which reflects the average blood sugar levels over the past 2 – 3 months.
Diabetes prevention Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is essential to preventing diabetes. (c) A rational diet that avoids heavy consumption and reduces intake of high sugar and fat. Rational exercise, weight control, and avoiding obesity. Stop smoking and keep a good mind. For high-risk groups such as the family history of diabetes, periodic medical examinations are conducted to monitor changes in blood sugar. In short, diabetes is a chronic disease that requires long-term management. Patients and family members actively learn about diabetes, cooperate with doctors, improve the quality of life and prevent complications.
