Guide to daily diet and sports for patients with diabetes complications

Introduction

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease that, as conditions develop, can lead to a number of complications, such as diabetes kidneys, diabetes retinasis, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. These complications seriously affect the quality of life of patients and even threaten life. A reasonable diet and proper exercise are essential to control the progress of diabetes complications and improve the quality of life of patients.

II. Importance of diet for people with diabetes complications

Diet is the basis for the integrated management of diabetes, especially for people with complications. A reasonable diet can help to control blood sugar, blood pressure, blood resin, reduce the kidney burden, protect retinas, etc., thereby delaying the deterioration of complications. Poor diets can lead to high blood sugar volatility, increased blood pressure, blood resin abnormalities, etc., accelerating the development of complications.

The principle of daily diet for patients with diabetes complications

(i) Control of total calories

Daily calorie requirements are calculated on the basis of age, sex, weight, activity level and complications. For those who are obese and are associated with complications, the calorie intake should be appropriately reduced to control weight, while those who are wasting or malnourished need to ensure an adequate caloric supply. For example, a 60-year-old male with diabetes kidneys weighs 70 kg, and their daily caloric requirements may range from 1,500 to 1800 kcal.

1. Carbohydrates

• Select complex carbohydrates, such as whole grains (colour rice, whole wheat bread, oats, etc.), beans, potatoes, etc. The relatively slow absorption of these foods helps to stabilize blood sugar. Reduced intake of fine grains (rice, flour, etc.) and sugary foods (confection, sweet drinks, etc.). For example, for breakfast, oatmeal is chosen instead of rice porridge.

• Controlling the intake of carbohydrates, which generally accounts for 50-65 per cent of total calories. For patients who use insulin or who are prone to low blood sugar, the proportion of carbohydrates allocated to three meals can be increased appropriately, using a diet-less diet. 2. Protein

• Ensuring high-quality protein intake, such as skinny meat (chick, fish, beef, etc.), eggs, milk, soybeans and their products. The essential amino acids contained in good quality proteins are of sufficient variety, content and proportion to facilitate body repair and maintenance of normal physiological function.

For patients with diabetes kidneys, protein intake is adjusted to the kidney function. For early kidney patients, protein intake can be eased as appropriate; however, when renal function is incomplete, protein intake should be reduced, generally 0.6 – 0.8 g/kg d, with a high-quality animal protein. 3. Fatty

• Control of the total volume of fat, 20-30 per cent of total calories. Reduced intake of saturated fats (e.g., animal oil, butter, etc.) and trans-fats (e.g., partially fried food, man-made cream in pastries, etc.) and increased the proportion of unsaturated fats (e.g., olive oil, fish oil, oil in nuts, etc.).

• For patients with cardiovascular complications, greater control of blood resin can be achieved by increasing, as appropriate, foods enriched with adipose – 3 fatty acids, such as deep-sea fish (sandfish, tuna, etc.), which can contribute to the reduction of triester levels of glycerine and the improvement of vascular internal cortex function. 4. Vitamins and minerals

Ingestion of vitamin-rich foods such as fresh vegetables and fruit. Vitamin C and Vitamin E are resistant to oxidation and contribute to the protection of intravascular cell and retina tissues. Diabetes patients can eat more vitamin-rich foods such as spinach, broccoli, oranges and strawberries.

• Attention to mineral ingestion, especially potassium, magnesium, calcium, etc. In the case of patients with diabetes kidneys, however, when the kidney function is incomplete, the intake of potassium-containing food is adjusted to the levels of potassium blood to avoid high potassium haematosis.

(iii) Rational organization of meals

We’ll eat less, we’ll do it at regular intervals. Three meals per day can be divided into five or six meals, helping to prevent excessive blood sugar fluctuations. For example, an appropriate extra meal between two meals, with the choice of low sugar fruit (e.g. apples, pears, etc.), sugar-free milk, a small set of nuts, etc., should be added to the total heat.

(iv) Eat well

Reduce salt intake, not exceeding 5 grams per day. Avoid high-salt foods such as pickles, pickles, processed meat, etc. At the same time, reducing consumption of spicy, greasy and irritating foods, which may affect blood sugar control and increase the gastrointestinal burden.

(v) Individualized dietary adjustments

The diet is adjusted for different complications. For example, diabetes membranes can contribute to the protection of retinas by increasing chlorophyll-rich foods, such as maize, pumpkins, etc.; diabetics are expected to pay attention to the intake of gelatine-rich proteins and to the healing of wounds, such as pig hoofs, cattle bands, etc., but to the control of total heat.

IV. Dietary advice for patients with diabetes complications

1. When there is a protein urine, the main diet of low proteins, such as wheat starch (made from wheat flour and removed from most proteins), can be selected. 2. Avoid eating of foods with high potassium content, such as bananas, oranges, mushrooms, mussels, etc. (if the potassium blood is properly consumed). Limiting phosphorus intake and reducing the consumption of high phosphorus-bearing foods such as internal organs, nuts and yolk in animals. 3. Vegetables that are conducive to urine swollen effects, such as melons, pickles, celery, etc., are utilisable.

1. Increase in diets with vitamin A, chlorophyll and corn yolk, such as carrots, blueberries, curry, etc. These nutrients protect the retina. 2. To keep the diet clean and to avoid eating foods that are susceptible to eye-blooded blood vessels, such as spicy and greasy.

1. Ensuring adequate protein intake, especially for foods with gelatin-rich proteins and amino acids, such as skinny meat, fish, beans, etc., contributes to healing wounds. 2. Increase the availability of vitamin C-rich foods, such as citrus fruits, chrysanthemum and green peppers, to promote adhesive protein synthesis. 3. Pay attention to dietary hygiene, prevent infection and avoid gastrointestinal infections caused by the consumption of unclean food, which affects the recovery of diabetes.

1. Choosing foods rich in dietary fibres, such as vegetables, fruits, whole grains, etc., helps to reduce cholesterol levels. 2. Increase in onion, garlic, mountain and other diets that have a hemolipac effect. Control of liquid intake to avoid increased heart burden. For patients with oedema, the sodium salt and liquid intake are strictly restricted.

V. Importance of the campaign of patients with diabetes complications

Sport has many benefits for people with diabetes complications. It can help control blood sugar, enhance CPR function, improve blood circulation, reduce body weight, improve body immunity, etc. Appropriate exercise can also alleviate the pain caused by the neurological changes of diabetes and improve the circulation of blood from the lower limbs of diabetic pediatric patients, and is also positive for slowing the development of cardiovascular complications.

Movement principles for patients with diabetes complications

(i) Safety first

Before the exercise, the patient ‘ s physical condition is assessed, including complications, CPR function, joint condition, etc. In cases of severe cardiovascular complications, severe loss of vision as a result of retinasis, severe diabetes kidney disease or foot ulcer, care is taken to select the mode and strength of movement and to avoid the deterioration of the condition as a result of inappropriate exercise.

(ii) Individualized Sports Programme

Individualized sports programmes are developed on the basis of age, sex, type and severity of complications, sports habits, etc. For example, younger and better-healthed patients can choose a slightly more intense sport, such as jogging, swimming, etc., while older patients or patients with multiple complications are suitable for a more moderate sport, such as walking, Tai Chi, etc.

(iii) Progressive

Motion intensity and time should gradually increase, avoiding high-intensity movement from the outset. It can generally start with a low-intensity exercise, such as an initial walk of 10 – 15 minutes per day, followed by a gradual increase of 5 – 10 minutes per week, until the appropriate exercise time and intensity is reached.

(iv) Sustainability

Campaigns need to be sustained for good results. The habit of encouraging patients to develop regular sports, which are at least 150 minutes per week, can be spread over 5-7 days.

VII. Campaign recommendations for patients with diabetes complications

1. When the kidney function is normal or mildly impaired, a moderate aerobic activity, such as walking, cycling, etc., is available. Motion strength is appropriate for a medium strength, i.e., 50 – 70 per cent of the maximum heart rate (220 – age). For example, a 60-year-old patient should have a heart rate of 80 – 112 minutes at the time of exercise. 2. Avoiding intense and long-term movement, which increases the kidney burden. In the exercise, care should be taken to supplement the moisture, but not to overdose, so as not to aggravate the edema. 3. When kidneys are incomplete, large amounts of protein urine or oedema are visible, movement should be reduced and simple activities on beds or chairs, such as limb stretching, may be carried out under the direction of a doctor.

1. For non-embracing retinasis patients, low-intensity aerobics, such as walking, Tai Chi, etc., may be selected. Avoiding violent head shaking and excessive bending and detached retinas. 2. In cases of retinasis during fertilisation, greater care should be taken in the exercise, and it is generally recommended that limited activities such as a short and slow walk after an eye doctor ‘ s assessment should be carried out, avoiding any movement that could lead to increased eye pressure or retina haemorrhage, such as weight-lifting, jumps, etc.

1. In the absence of an ulcer or wound in the foot, moderate movements, such as cycling, swimming, etc., can be carried out, which are less stressful to the foot. You need to wear appropriate shoes and socks to protect your feet. 2. In the case of an ulcer or wound in the foot, a heavy-burden exercise should be avoided, with a long-duration movement of lower limb muscles (e.g., a tight and then relaxed leg muscle) under the direction of a doctor to promote blood circulation, while keeping the foot clean and preventing infection.

(iv) Patients with cardiovascular complications of diabetes 1. Select an aerobics that are appropriate for themselves, such as walking, jogging, swimming, etc. The exercise is preceded by a warm-up campaign followed by a relaxation campaign. Changes in heart rate, blood pressure, etc., should be observed during the exercise, and should the movement be stopped in a timely manner. 2. For patients with serious cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary heart disease, physical rehabilitation training may be provided under the guidance of a doctor, such as the gradual increase in motor strength under the care of the hospital ‘ s electrocardiogram, together with drug treatment and the improvement of the heart function.

VIII. EQUIPMENT AND DIVISION

Before and after the exercise, care is taken to adjust the diet. An appropriate increase in carbohydrate intake can be made before the exercise to prevent low blood sugar in the movement. Food containing 15-30 grams of carbohydrates, such as a piece of wheat bread, a little apple, etc., is usually available 30 – 60 minutes before the exercise. The timely replenishment of sugared foods, such as sugar, sugar, candy, etc., after the exercise, if the blood sugar is below 3.9 mmol/L; if the blood sugar is normal, appropriate recharge of moisture and a small amount of protein, such as a glass of milk, a tofu, etc., will help to restore physical strength and muscle repair.

Conclusions

The daily diet and sports management of patients with diabetes complications is a complex and important task. Through reasonable dietary control and proper exercise, indicators such as blood sugar, blood pressure, blood resin, etc. can be effectively controlled, slowing the progress of complications and improving the quality of life of patients. However, in the course of implementation, close cooperation between patients, family members and health-care providers is required to continuously adapt diets and sports programmes to the specific circumstances of the patient to ensure safety and effectiveness. At the same time, patients are required to review regularly, identify problems in a timely manner and adjust their treatment strategies, in order to maintain good health in the long-term fight against diabetes complications.

Diabetes neurosis