Illustrative characteristics of the Geran positive fungi after liver transplant
Summary: While liver transplants are an effective treatment for end-of-life liver diseases, post-operative infections are a key factor influencing patient prognosis. The knowledge of the characteristics of the gland positive fungi infection, which is more common after the liver transplant, is important for timely diagnosis, precision treatment and improvement of the quality of life of patients.
Introduction
The complexity of liver transplants, the long-term use of immunosuppressants by patients after the surgery, the inhibition of the body ‘ s immune function, combined with surgical traumas and the retention of various catheters, make them highly vulnerable to pathogen attacks, of which the Grelan positive fungus is one of the most important pathogens. The identification of the characteristics of the infection contributes to early clinical detection and early intervention to reduce infection-related mortality.
II. Epidemiological characteristics
(i) Prevalence of infection
Different studies have reported differences in the incidence of post-hepatotransplant Grelan positive fungus infection, which ranges between 20 and 40 per cent, and an increase in the incidence of drug-resistant bacteria in recent years with the widespread use of antibiotics, with some centres reporting an infection rate of around 10 per cent.
(ii) Time of infection
In the early post-operative period (one month after general fingering), most infections are related to surgical operations, post-operative care settings, such as surgical incisions, inductive tract infections, during which golden fungus, and skin gluccus are more common; in the mid-post-operative period (one to six months after the operation), with the adjustment of the use of immunosuppressants and some exposure factors during the patient ‘ s recovery, intestinal fungi infection increases, often resulting in bacterial haemorrhage, etc.; in the late post-operative period (after six months), if the patient has chronic ostracism or other combinations, the immune inhibitor programme needs to be readjusted and the risk of infection increases again, and the Greland positive fungi infection still accounts for a certain proportion.
III. Characteristics of the infection
(i) Surgical cut-off and lead pipe around
This is the area most directly affected by surgical and post-operative care, as well as the “high-prevalence” of the Granium positive fungi infection. By virtue of its strong virulent force, the blubber fungus can rapidly reproduce locally at the incision, resulting in edema, increased pain, increased seepage, severe laceration and abscess genres, and the prosthesis of the fungus can form biofilms on the surfaces of various attractor tubes (e.g. gallows, cathal cavities, etc.) and continue to release bacteria, leading to tissue infection and inflammation around the fluids.
(ii) Blood system
Hepatotransplant patients have a low immune function and, once the skin, mucous membrane barrier has been destroyed or an infected stove has been hidden in the body, the Geran positive fungus is highly vulnerable to blood intrusion, causing bacterial haemorrhage and even sepsis. Patients are exposed to sudden heat and cold war, with a temperature of as high as 40°C, often associated with whole-body symptoms such as headaches, panic and agitation, and blood culture is often positive, which is a sign of acute illness and requires urgent treatment.
(iii) Lung
Some of the patients suffered from post-operative bed rest, cough weakness and damage to the gas-path protection mechanism, so that the Grelan positive fungus could be planted and bred through the respiratory tract into their lungs. In case of lung infections, there is a high incidence of coughing, early dry coughing, post coughing, which can be yellow sticky, a growing chest pain and respiratory difficulties, visible pulmonary plaque shadows in the chest X-line or CT, blurred edges, which can be integrated into a slice and can be easily confused with lung infections from other pathogens.
IV. Symptomatic characteristics
(i) Partial symptoms
In addition to the above-mentioned appearances, the patient ‘ s self-perceptive pains, restrictions on mobility and effects on the post-operative recovery process; the infection in the vicinity of the lead tube can lead to a lack of flow, local swelling and stress, which, if not dealt with in a timely manner, may cause a deep tissue infection.
(ii) All-body symptoms
The high body heat and cold fighting caused by bacteremia, sepsis and lung infections often cause the patient to suffer from psychosis, abated appetite, physical inactivity and, in serious cases, life-threatening complications such as cognitive disorders and shock, which are closely linked to the activation of the bleeding and inflammatory reaction syndrome of bacterial toxins.
V. Laboratory and video screening characteristics
(i) Laboratory inspection
Blood routines indicate a significant increase in the white cell count and the percentage of moderate particles, suggesting bacterial infections; C. Inflammatory indicators such as protein (CRP) and calcium reduction (PCT) are rising sharply, and PCT is more specific to the diagnosis of bacterial haemorrhagic disease; haemorrhagic culture is the “gold standard” for diagnosis; blood collection should be carried out in strict compliance with the norms, many times and in different parts, and should increase the detection rate of the Grelan positive pneumococcus, while drug sensitivity tests are conducted to provide a basis for the selective use of antibiotics.
(ii) Visual inspection
The ultrasound examination of the infection around the surgical incision and the cavity tube reveals the presence of local fluids, sept formation and helps to determine the depth and extent of the infection; the chest X-line, CT can clearly present the morphology, location and development of the lung during the lung infection, providing visual images for the diagnosis and assessment of the condition.
VI. Therapeutic and prognosis
(i) Treatment
Upon the diagnosis of the Grelan positive fungus infection, sensitive antibiotics, such as Vancin, Linamamine, etc., should be selected immediately on the basis of the results of the drug sensitivity, and are effective for MRSA, and β-neamide antibiotics are effective for some of the sensitive intestines. At the same time, local treatments, such as the exchange of orals, the replacement or removal of fluids, the introduction of punctures to the abdomen or the cutting of flow, the reduction of bacterial loads and the promotion of the rehabilitation of patients in combination with nutritional support, immunotherapy, etc.
(ii) Later
The prognosis depends on a number of factors, including the severity of the infection, the timeliness of detection and treatment, the patient ‘ s basic state of health (e.g. pre-operative liver function reserve, other underlying diseases or not). The majority of patients who are detected at an early stage and treated effectively are better prepared for successful recovery, while those infected with severe, delayed treatment or combined multi-drug-resistant infections suffer from poor prognosis, with significantly higher mortality rates, and those who survive may also suffer from chronic organ function impairment as a result of the infection, which affects the quality of long-term survival.
Conclusion
Hepatotransplants have various characteristics, ranging from epidemiology, infection to clinical symptoms, laboratory and video examinations and treatment prognosis. Clinical medical personnel are required to be familiar with these characteristics, to strengthen the management of the immediate surgery, to monitor closely the post-operative state of the patient, to enable early diagnosis and treatment, to minimize the risk of infection and to guarantee the health and quality of life of the liver transplant patients.
