The influenza pandemic (known as influenza) is an acute respiratory epidemic caused by influenza viruses and is characterized by rapid transmission and widespread infections. Influenza A (type A), B (type B) and C (type C) are the main causes of human influenza. Influenza is frequently high in winter and spring and can cause a pandemic in serious cases, with a particular threat to high-risk populations such as children, the elderly and chronically ill. This paper will elaborate on ways in which influenza can be transmitted, preventive measures and treatment methods to help the public to protect against and respond to influenza.
Paths to the spread of influenza
The influenza virus is transmitted to the population mainly through:
1. Foam dissemination
When a patient coughs, sneezes or speaks, it releases the foam that contains the virus and a healthy person may be infected by inhalation.
2. Exposure to dissemination
The virus can be transmitted through contaminants such as the patient ‘ s hand, mask, paper towels, which can be infected when a healthy person touches the object and touches the mouth, nose or eye.
3. Air transport
In closed or poorly ventilated environments, viruses may be transmitted through aerosols in air.
Indirect dissemination
The virus can be attached to the surface of objects such as doorknobs, elevator buttons, mobile phones, etc., and may be infected after exposure to a healthy person.
Protection against influenza
Influenza protection is centred on cutting transmission routes, increasing immunity and vaccination. The following are specific protective measures:
(i) Personal protection
Maintaining good hygiene practices
Handwashing: Washing hands with soap and mobile water, especially after coughing, sneezing or exposure to public goods.
Avoid touching the mouth, nose, eye, etc. with the hand to reduce the chances of the virus entering the body.
2. Mask
The use of medical surgical masks or N95 masks in high-prevalence flu seasons or in densely populated sites can effectively prevent the spread of foam.
3. Maintaining social distance
Avoid close contact with influenza patients and maintain a distance of at least 1 metre.
Participation in mass events is minimized during the influenza pandemic.
4. Cough observance
If you cough or sneeze, cover your nose and nose with a paper towel or elbow to avoid the spread of foam.
(ii) Environmental protection
1. Maintenance of indoor ventilation
The regular daily ventilation of windows keeps the air in circulation and reduces the concentration of the virus.
Cleaning and disinfection
Regular cleaning and disinfection of high-frequency (HF) contact surfaces, such as doorknobs, tables and chairs, mobile phones, etc.
Sterilized with alcohol or chlorine.
(iii) Immunization
1. Inoculation against influenza
Influenza vaccine is the most effective response to influenza and can significantly reduce the risk of infection and the incidence of serious diseases.
The influenza vaccine is administered once a year, especially to high-risk groups such as children, the elderly, pregnant women and chronically ill people.
Vaccination time
The best time for influenza vaccination is between one and two months (usually from October to November of each year) before the flu season.
(iv) Increased immunity
1. A balanced diet
Immunisation is enhanced by the ingestion of more vitamin C, vitamin D and zinc-rich food, such as fruit, vegetables, nuts, etc.
2. Regularity
Ensuring adequate sleep, avoiding overwork and maintaining a balanced body.
Rational motion
Aerobics per week with moderate intensity, such as run-aways, running, etc., contribute to increased immunity.
III. Influenza management
Influenza management includes treatment of symptoms, antiretroviral treatment and management of complications. Early diagnosis and timely treatment are key to reducing disease and death rates.
(i) Treatment of symptoms
1. Reheating treatment
Heat and headache symptoms are mitigated using acetaminophenol or aphrodisiac analgesics such as brofen.
Avoiding the use of aspirin, especially children, in order to prevent Swiss syndrome.
Supplementary liquids
Drinking water or oral rehydration salts to prevent dehydration.
3. Mitigation of cough and nose plugs
Cough and nose plug symptoms are mitigated by the use of cough control drugs or inhalants with mint content.
(ii) Antiviral treatment
1. Antivirals
Oseltamivir: Treatment applicable to influenza A and B is recommended for use within 48 hours of the onset of the disease.
Zanamivir: The drug is administered by inhalation and applies to patients with mild and moderate influenza.
Peramivir: For patients with severe influenza, medication can be provided by intravenous injection.
2. Timing of treatment
Antiviral drugs should be used as early as possible, especially for high-risk groups or persons with severe illnesses, in order to reduce complications and death rates.
(iii) Treatment of complications
1. Pneumonia
Influenza viruses can cause viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia and require treatment with antivirals or antibiotics based on pathogens.
Cardiovascular complications
Influenza may cause cardiac inflammation or cardiac inflammation, and heart function needs to be closely monitored and treated.
3. Neural complications
Influenza can cause meningitis or meningitis, requiring timely hospitalization and integrated management.
(iv) Hospitalization
1. Severely ill
Patients suffering from respiratory difficulties, low aerobics or multi-organ dysfunctions should be hospitalized in a timely manner for comprehensive treatment.
2. Support for treatment
Supported treatments such as oxygen therapy, mechanical aerobics or ecstasy (ECMO) support to maintain vital signs stability.
IV. High-risk populations with influenza
The following population groups are more vulnerable to serious influenza, and special attention should be paid to protection and treatment:
1. Children
In particular, children under five years of age are still not fully developed and at higher risk of infection.
2. Older persons
The immune function of older persons over 65 years of age has decreased and is prone to serious complications.
3. Pregnant women
The infection of a pregnant woman can lead to abnormal or premature foetal development.
4. Chronic patients
Cases of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory disease or immuno-deficiency can be aggravated by influenza.
Public health management for influenza
Influenza monitoring
Influenza surveillance network established to keep abreast of influenza virus epidemic trends and variability.
Epidemic control
During the influenza outbreak, quarantine measures were taken to reduce the spread of the virus among the population.
3. Health education
Increased public awareness of influenza, general awareness of protection and increased vaccination rates.
Concluding remarks
Pandemic influenza is a common but non-negligible infectious disease that spreads rapidly and has a wide range of hazards. Scientific protection, timely treatment and effective public health management can significantly reduce influenza infection and death rates. Public awareness of influenza should be raised, especially among high-risk populations, and vaccinations and personal protection measures should be actively undertaken. In the future, as medical technology advances and vaccine development is optimized, influenza prevention and control will become more efficient and provide a stronger safeguard for global health.
The flu.
