Abstract: The intestinal nodules are chronic specific infections caused by intestinal infestation of the intestinal part of the nodules and pose a greater risk to human health. This paper explores in depth the causes of intestinal tuberculosis, the mechanism of morbidity, clinical performance, diagnostic methods, treatment strategies and prevention elements, with the aim of raising public awareness of intestinal tuberculosis, promoting early diagnosis, effective treatment and active prevention and reducing the incidence and spread of disease.
Introduction
Intestinal nodules are still common globally, especially in developing countries, and can occur at any age, but are more likely to be young. Because of the lack of specificity of their symptoms, they are often similar to other intestinal diseases, which can lead to errors and omissions, delays in treatment and, in turn, affects the patient ‘ s prognosis and quality of life. Therefore, a comprehensive knowledge of intestinal nodules is essential for the timely detection, accurate diagnosis and rational treatment of the disease.
II. Epidemiology and morbidity mechanisms
(i) Causes
Intestinal nodules are mainly caused by human-type nodules, which in a few cases can be caused by cattle-type nodules. It can be broken into the intestinal tract by:
1. Oral infection: this is the most important route of infection. Open-ended tuberculosis patients or larynx patients often suffer from diseases caused by the swallowing of saplings containing sapsis in nodules. In addition, the consumption of unsterilized milk or dairy products containing nodule streptococcus can lead to intestinal infection of cow-type nodules.
Bleeding: It is relatively rare, but relatively rare, for a patient with a whole-of-body pelvis-type tuberculosis, such as stale tuberculosis, where the fungus of the nodules can be spread to the intestinal tract by blood.
Direct spread: intraperitoneal tuberculosis stoves, such as female pelvis, kidneys, etc. can spread directly to the intestinal tract, leading to the occurrence of intestinal nodules.
(ii) Incidence mechanisms
After entry into the intestinal tract of the nodules, most of the disease is caused by back-blindness, which is mainly related to the anatomical physiological characteristics of back-blindness. The lymphoma in the back-blind sector is rich and the intestines stay here for long periods of time, where it is easy to plant and reproduce the bacteria in the nodules. When the body’s immune capacity is normal, the nodule streptococcus can be swallowed up by giant-eat cells and confined to the lower intestinal mucous membranes, forming the nodule knot. With the development of the condition, the knots can integrate, die bad, break out and form ulcer. If the body has low immunity, the pathology can be further developed, and the ulcer can reach the muscle and membrane layers and even cause complications such as intestine piercing, intestinal viscosity and intestines. At the same time, it can cause intestinal disorders and symptoms such as diarrhoea and constipation.
III. Clinical performance
(i) All-body symptoms
Patients with intestinal nodules are often associated with symptoms of overall tuberculosis poisoning, such as low heat, sweat theft, inactivity, wasting and appetite. The heat is mostly low after noon, generally between 37.5°C – 38°C, and can be accompanied by a red cheek, a warm hand, etc. Most of the thirties appear at night in the form of sweating all over the body and in the form of wet clothes and bedding. As the condition progresses, the patient can gradually experience low body weight and anemia, among others.
(ii) Symptoms of the digestive system
1. Abdominal pain: It is one of the most common symptoms of intestinal nodules, mostly in the lower right abdomen or umbilical weeks, and can be of a perturbation, blunt pain or swelling nature, often intermittently. Abdominal pain can be induced during or after eating as a result of increased intestinal creeping after eating, which stimulates the pathology. In addition, the abdominal ache can be alleviated after defecation or exhausting. In the case of co-intestine infarction, the abdominal pain can increase continuously and be accompanied by abdominal swelling and vomiting.
Diarrhoea and constipation: Diarrhoea is a common symptom of intestinal nodules, with daily defecation of up to 3-6 times and faeces in paste or rare water samples, generally free of sepsis and slime. However, when the disease is severe and the ulcer is widespread, there is an alternation between diarrhoea and constipation due to intestinal disorders and the acceleration or obstruction of the intestine content. Confessive defecation and defecation can be difficult and can be accompanied by abdominal abdominal pain.
3. Abdominal swelling: Some patients may touch a moderate, stationary, pressured mass in the lower right abdomen. The swelling is mainly due to the thickening of the intestinal wall, its viscosity, the lymphoma lymphoma of the intestinal membrane, or the accumulation of dead and dead things. When the swelling oppresses the surrounding tissue or organ, it causes the corresponding symptoms, such as the oppression of the urinary tube, which causes renal water, and the oppression of the bladder, which causes symptoms such as frequent and acute urine.
Diagnosis
(i) Medical history and clinical performance
Ask for details about the history of tuberculosis or other tuberculosis and whether there is a history of close contact with patients with open tuberculosis. A combination of typical clinical manifestations such as hypothermia, sweat theft, inactivity, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, constipation, etc. of a patient can be prima facie suspected of intestines. However, these symptoms are not specific to intestinal nodules and need to be further examined for diagnosis.
(ii) Laboratory inspection
1. Blood routines: light to moderate anaemia can occur, white cell counts are generally normal and lymphocytes are relatively high. Blood sunk can increase significantly during the course of the activity, often as one of the indicators of disease activity and treatment effectiveness.
2. Tuberculosis fungus test (PPD test): While positive reactions have some reference value for the diagnosis of enteric nodules, negative results do not exclude enteric nodules, especially in cases of serious illness, immuno-impairment or use of immunosuppressants, the PPD test may have a false negative.
3. Excreta testing: There is generally no change in the opposite sex, and the faecal blood test is positive. A small number of pus and red cells can be found in faeces when the disease is heavy and when the colon is infested.
4. Test of the nodule branch bacterium: found in faeces or intestinal mucous tissue is the direct basis for the identification of the intestinal bacterium, but the positive rate is low. Tests can be conducted using coatings of anti-acid colour, nodule culture or nucleic acid enhancement techniques (e.g. PCR), but for long periods of nodule culture, it generally takes 4 – 8 weeks.
(iii) Visual inspection
1. X-ray:
– Abdominal tablet: Corresponding signs of complications, such as intestinal traction, intestinal infarction, intestinal perforation, etc., can be found, e.g., intestinal extension, gaseous plane level, lower larvae, etc.
– Bridging enema: diagnostics of intestines are of great value. The ulcer ulcer-based intestinal nodules can be retraced in the blind, i.e. the transistor is quickly emptyed into the cavity and is not well filled, while the pathological upper and lower intestinal cavity is well-filled, known as the “tigger”. Biointestinal nodules are shown in intestines of narrow cavity, thickening of the intestinal wall, mucous membrane disorders, abundance deficiency, etc., similar to tumour pathologies.
2. CT Examination: This can show more clearly the pathologies of intestinal wall thickness, intestinal cavity, lymphoma lymphoma swollen in the intestinal membrane, and cavity fluid, which can be important in determining the extent, extent and detection of other tuberculosis stoves in the abdominal cavity. At the same time, CT examinations can also be used to assess complications with enteric nodules, such as intestine infarction, enteric perforation, etc.
(iv) Endoscopy
colonoscopy is one of the important tools for the diagnosis of enteric nodules. The pathologies of the blind, the ascendant, and the transects can be directly observed through colon lenses. They can be seen in the intestinal mucous membranes, edema, ulcers, knots, changes in the stench, etc. The ulcer tends to be circular or transversal, with irregular edges, white moss at the bottom and inflammation of the mucous membranes around it. A pathological examination is carried out in the area of pathology, and in the case of carcasses found to be carcasses of carcass, or in the case of estuarines of nodules. However, the pathology of intestinal nodules is sometimes similar to other intestinal diseases, such as Crohn ‘ s disease, requiring a combination of clinical symptoms, laboratory and video-testing.
Treatment
(i) Anti-tuberculosis treatment
Anti-tuberculosis treatment is key to the treatment of intestinal nodules and should follow the principles of early, joint, appropriate, regular and complete. The most common anti-tuberculosis drugs are amphibian (INH), RFP, acetamide (PZA) and ethylaminobutol (EMB). The four combination therapy, i.e. INH + RFP + PZA + EMB, is used for intensive treatment for 2 – 3 months and then, depending on the condition, is converted to intensive treatment. The intensive treatment option is INH + RFP, which is usually 6 – 9 months or more, and the specific treatment is determined on the basis of the patient ‘ s condition, treatment response and adverse drug response. In the course of treatment, the adverse effects of the patient ‘ s medication, such as hepatic and kidney impairment, visual and neurological inflammation, should be closely observed and treated in a timely manner.
(ii) Treatment
1. Treatment of abdominal pain: For patients with apparent abdominal pain symptoms, pain relief can be provided with abalone tablets, pyrophoric acids, etc., but the use of strong antilaxatives should be avoided in order not to affect the excretion of intestinal toxins and aggravate the condition.
Diarrhoeal and constipated treatment: Diarrhoeal patients may be given appropriate anti-laxal drugs, such as demolimentation, but not suitable for long-term use. In the case of constipated patients, defecation can be promoted by adjusting diets, increasing dietary fibre intake, drinking water, and appropriate exercise. Where necessary, a slow laxative can be used, such as a cavity, but the abuse of the laxative should be avoided, leading to intestinal disorders.
3. Nutritional support treatment: Nutritional support treatment should be strengthened for patients with intestinal tuberculosis who are often associated with malnutrition due to chronic chronic consumption. High calorie, high protein, high vitamins, digestible diets such as skinny meat, fish, eggs, fresh vegetables and fruits. In cases of severe malnutrition, consideration could be given to intestine or intestine nutrition support to improve the nutritional status of patients, improve the body’s immunity and promote the rehabilitation of diseases.
(iii) Surgery
Surgical treatment applies mainly to:
1. Complete intestinal infarction: In the event of failure of medically conservative treatment, the procedure shall be performed in a timely manner to remove the intestinal infarction and restore the intestinal bland.
2. Acute intestine piercing: The intestinal perforation can lead to severe peritonealitis and is one of the serious complications of intestinal nodules, which should be surgically repaired or cortexed.
3. Intestine haemorrhage: Ineffective intestinal haemorrhage after internal treatment, consideration may be given to surgery to stop the haemorrhage and to remove a pathological intestinal leg.
4. The diagnosis of the difficulties requires a caesarean section: in cases where there is a high level of clinical suspicion of intestinal nodules, which cannot be clearly diagnosed through various tests, consideration may be given to caesarean section and the pathological tissue may be examined in the course of the procedure, with a view to making a clear diagnosis and accompanying treatment.
Prevention
(i) Control of transmission sources
The timely detection and treatment of tuberculosis patients, especially open-ended tuberculosis patients, are important measures to prevent intestinal tuberculosis. Patients of tuberculosis should be required to undergo quarantine treatment and to review regularly to ensure that the nodules in the saplings are transcirculated. Patients with larynx and tuberculosis should also be actively treated to prevent the larynx from being swallowed up into the intestinal tract. At the same time, the prevention of cactus infections in cattle-type nodules is mainly the strengthening of sanitary controls on milk and dairy products to ensure that milk is re-drinked after strict disinfection.
(ii) Cut off transmission channels
(c) Strengthen health education and raise public awareness of hygiene and develop good hygiene practices, such as covering mouth and nose with paper towels while spitting, coughing or sneezing. Improved environmental health management and regular clean-up of public places, in particular of the environment in which tuberculosis patients live, and a reduction in the spread of the tuberculosis fungi in the environment.
(iii) Protection of vulnerable populations
Preventive anti-tuberculosis treatment is available to high-risk groups, such as those in close contact with tuberculosis patients, those with low immunity and those with long-term immunosuppressants. In general, the treatment is provided with a monopharmaceutical treatment of 6 – 9 months. At the same time, physical exercise should be strengthened to improve the body ‘ s health, improve the body ‘ s immunity and prevent the infection of the tuberculosis streptococcus.
Conclusion
Intestine tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease that seriously affects intestinal health, with complex causes and diverse clinical performances, requiring a combination of factors for diagnosis and treatment. Increased awareness of intestinal tuberculosis, increased public health awareness, increased control over infectious sources such as tuberculosis, cutting off transmission routes, protection of vulnerable populations, and early diagnosis and treatment can effectively reduce the morbidity and mortality of intestinal tuberculosis and improve patient prognosis and safeguard public health.
Intestine nodules
