It’s a clinically unsound use of antibiotics.

IntroductionAntibiotics, one of the great inventions of modern medicine, play a vital role in treating bacterial infections and save countless lives. However, with the widespread use of antibiotics, the irrational use of antibiotics is increasing, posing a number of serious hazards that not only affect the health of the individual but also threaten the public health security of society as a whole. Understanding these hazards is important for the proper use of antibiotics and for safeguarding human health.II. Disruption of the micro-ecological balance of the human body(i) Damage to normal populationThere are a large number of micro-organisms in the skin, mouth, intestinal and respiratory tracts of the human body, living side by side with the human body and constituting a complex micro-ecosystem. These normal strains play a variety of roles in maintaining human health, such as helping to digest, synthesising vitamins and inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria. These beneficial bacteria can also be affected when antibiotics are not reasonably used. For example, oral broad-spectrum antibiotics can kill in large quantities useful strains such as compost in the intestinal tract, and lactose. The reduction of these beneficial bacteria can disrupt the micro-ecological balance of the intestinal tract, lead to intestinal disorders and may cause problems with digestive systems such as diarrhoea, constipation, etc.(ii) Incidence of double infectionIn the course of treatment of pregenerative infections with antibiotics, as a result of the disruption of normal population balance in the body, otherwise inhibited fungi, drug-resistant bacteria, etc., may take advantage of the opportunity to breed in large numbers and give rise to new infections, i.e., double infections. For example, the long-term or large-scale use of antibiotics such as headgills may inhibit normal strains in the oral and gastrointestinal tracts, resulting in excessive growth of white pyrochlor and fungi infections such as goose scabies and vaginal inflammation. This new infection is often more difficult to treat than the original infection, increasing the pain and treatment costs of the patient.III. Generating and spreading bacterial resistance(i) The emergence of drug-resistant bacteriaUnreasonable use of antibiotics has created a strong choice pressure on bacteria. When antibiotics are used, sensitive bacteria are suppressed or eliminated, while drug-resistant bacteria have greater chances of survival and are proliferating. For example, vinyl fungus, which was originally sensitive to penicillin, was produced because of its widespread and irrational use. These resistant bacteria are resilient and resistant to various antibiotics, making treatment extremely difficult.(ii) Transmission of drug-resistant genesNot only are drug-resistant bacteria difficult to eliminate themselves, they carry resistant genes that can spread between bacteria in many ways. For example, through particle transfer, resistant genes can be transferred between different types of bacteria. This means that bacteria that are otherwise sensitive to some kind of antibiotics can rapidly acquire resistance, further expanding the range of resistant bacteria. As the number of drug-resistant bacteria increases and the number of effective antibiotics available is diminishing, we are facing a critical situation of “drug-free”. The World Health Organization estimates that if effective measures are not taken, by 2050, the number of deaths due to drug-resistant infections may exceed the number of cancer deaths.IV. Inducing adverse reactions(i) AllergiesAntibiotics are one of the common causes of drug allergies. Different types of antibiotics can cause different levels of allergies. For example, there is a high incidence of penicillin-antibiotic allergies, skin symptoms such as rashes, itchings, measles, etc. can occur in light cases, and in serious cases, a sensitization shock can occur, even in short periods of time, threatening life. Antibiotics of the head of the fungus can also cause allergies and there is some cross-sensitivity with the penicillin. The occurrence of allergies is not only related to the nature of the drug itself, but is also closely related to the unreasonable use, which may increase the risk of allergies, such as by not carrying out a leather test or remaining in a sensitive history.(ii) Toxic response1. Hepatic toxicitySome antibiotics may cause damage to the liver when they are not reasonably used. For example, long-term or large-scale use of Great Ringed Iester antibiotics, such as erythrin, can lead to abnormal liver function, in the form of aminoase rise, yellow sluice, etc. This is due to the possible disruption of normal metabolic functions of liver cells during liver metabolism, which affects liver detoxification and synthesis.2. Renal toxicityAmino-cluene antibiotics such as Quintacin and cytocin are clearly renal toxic. Unreasonable use, such as excessive dosage, prolonged treatment or use for a patient with an incomplete kidney function, may cause damage to the epipelagic cell in the kidney tube, leading to a reduction in the kidney function, in the form of protein urine, blood urine, tube urine, etc., which can develop into acute kidney failure.Ear toxicityAmino sugar antibiotics can also cause ear toxicity and damage to hearing and balance organs. This can lead to a decrease in hearing, sound or even deafness, which is often irreversible and has a significant impact on the quality of life of patients. Children and older persons are more vulnerable to ear toxicity because of their physical characteristics.V. Increased medical costs and social burdens(i) Increased medical costsUnreasonable use of antibiotics has led to poor treatment, requiring replacement of more expensive antibiotics, increased testing, longer hospitalization, etc., which has led to a significant increase in medical costs. For example, in the case of a common community with access to sexually transmitted pneumonia, the unreasonable initial use of high-grade antibiotics or the excessive use of antibiotics not only increases the cost of antibiotics, but may also be due to the repeated need for more visual examinations, laboratory examinations, etc., as well as extended hospitalization days, which increases the costs of bed space, nursing, etc.(ii) Waste of social resourcesSince patients with drug-resistant infections require more complex treatment, additional medical resources, including medical equipment, time for medical staff, etc. Moreover, the development of new antibiotics requires significant human, material and financial investment, and the unreasonable use of antibiotics accelerates the production of drug-resistant bacteria, making it difficult to keep pace with the development of new antibiotics and wastees social resources. At the social level, the loss of labour productivity due to infectious diseases also increases with the unreasonable use of antibiotics, further increasing the social burden.VI. Affecting disease prediction(i) DelaysImproper use of antibiotics may not be effective in controlling infection, leading to a deterioration of the condition or to continued displacement. For example, when treating some serious sepsis patients, the blind use of experiential drugs without a reasonable choice of antibiotics based on the pharmacological results of the pathogens may cause bacteria to reproduce in blood in large numbers, trigger multi-organ functional impairment syndrome, seriously affect the patient ‘ s prognosis and even cause death.(ii) Increased number of chronic infections and complicationsIn the case of chronic infectious diseases, such as chronic osteoporosis and chronic urinary system infections, the unreasonable use of antibiotics can lead to repeated outbreaks that are difficult to cure. Long-term infections can also lead to a series of complications, such as chronic osteoporosis, which can lead to rational fractures, physical disability, etc., and chronic urinary system infections that can affect kidney function and develop into chronic kidney failure. These complications increase not only the suffering of patients, but also the difficulty and cost of treatment.ConclusionThe risks posed by the clinically irrational use of antibiotics are multifaceted, ranging from the disruption of the micro-ecological balance of the human body to the initiation of resistance, adverse reactions, to the increase in medical costs and the impact of diseases, and they are interlinked and form a complex problem network. Therefore, both medical personnel and the general public need to be deeply aware of the importance of rational use of antibiotics, to strictly observe the principle of the use of antibiotics, to avoid unreasonable use and to work together to safeguard human health and public health.