Key concepts in osteoporosis: the core of your life.

In the field of osteoporosis, antibacterial treatment is an important means of dealing with infectious diseases and post-operative complications. In order to ensure the effectiveness, safety and reasonableness of anti-bacterial treatment, it is essential to have some key concepts. These concepts are not only the basis for the development of a treatment programme by an osteoporologist, but are also important for the patient and his/her family to understand the treatment process.I. Antibacterial spectrumAntibacterial spectra refers to the range of bacteria that antibacterials can suppress or kill, which is the primary consideration in the choice of antibacterials. In the case of osteoplasmosis, the most common pathogenic bacteria are the yellow fungus, the skin, the streptocococcus, the large intestines, and the copper-green hysteria. Different antibacterials have different effects on these bacteria. For example, antibiotics such as gilloplasm and streptococcus are relatively good antibacterial activities for gland positives, of which the first generation of gillactactin is more effective for gland positives and, with algebrams increasing, the antibacterial spectroscopy for gland vaginal bacteria is expanding. Precipitine-resistant penicillin, such as phenolin in penicillin, is primarily for enzyme-producing fungus. Aminocin antibiotics, such as Quincin and Amikane, have a strong antibacterial effect on gland cactus, in particular the coli-Echella and the copper-green-false cystella. Knowledge of the antibacterial spectrometry helps doctors to select antibacterial drugs with precision based on the potential fungi of infection. For example, in open bone fracture infections, if the wound is highly contaminated and contains a large amount of contaminants such as soil, and given the high probability of infection with gerang cactus, priority may be given to amino sugar or third-generation antibiotics; in the case of post-closive fracture infections without a specific resistance risk factor, the first generation of estrogens, such as the gerang-positive head bacterium, may first be considered.ii. Drug Sensitivity Tests (DPS)Sensitivity testing is an important test to determine bacteria ‘ sensitivity to specific antibacterial drugs. In the treatment of osteoporosis, when there is a suspicion of bacterial infection, the spectroscopy of the patient ‘ s wounds, blood, tissue fluids, etc., is collected for bacterium development and further drug-sensitization testing once the bacteria are produced. The sensitivity of the bacteria to different antibacterial drugs is known through drug sensitivity tests, usually expressed in terms of the lowest antibacterial concentration (MIC), i.e. the lowest drug concentration that can inhibit bacterial growth. This result directly guides doctors in choosing the most effective antibacterial drugs for treatment. For example, if a drug-sensitization test shows that a patient’s golden septococcus infection is sensitive to Vancocin, and a drug of resistance to gillin, then the option should be to use vercocin rather than gillin in the treatment programme. Sensitivity testing can also monitor trends in bacterial resistance and help hospitals and doctors to adjust antibacterial drug use strategies, which is important for controlling the spread of bacterial resistance.iii. Minimum antibacterial concentrations (MIC) and lowest fungicide concentrations (MBC)The lowest antibacterial concentration (MC) is one of the key indicators of antibacterial antibacterial activity, as described above. The lowest fungicide concentration (MBC) is the lowest drug concentration that can kill bacteria in culture. In the treatment of osteoporosis, knowledge of these two concepts helps to determine the dose of drugs and the assessment of their efficacy. Generally, blood concentrations of drugs should reach or exceed MIC in order to be antibacterial. For some serious osteoporosis infections, such as osteoporosis, blood levels up to MBC may be required for the complete elimination of bacteria. When developing treatment programmes, doctors ensure that drugs can be effective in the body, depending on their pharmaceutical dynamics and the severity of the infection. For example, for some antibacterial drugs with shorter half-lives, more frequent delivery of drugs may be needed to maintain effective blood concentration, while for some more toxic drugs, it is necessary to select, to the extent possible, a suitable dose to reduce the incidence of adverse effects, just above the MIC.Principles of joint useIn osteoporosis treatment, the combination of drugs is not random, but rather has its specific principles and indications. When a single antibacterial drug does not effectively control the infection, joint use may be considered, for example, in cases of mixed infections (accompanied by gland positives and gland cactus infections, aerobics and anaerobics infections, etc.), multiple resistance bacteria infections, and severe deep tissue infections (e.g. chronic osteoporitis). The purpose of the joint use is to create synergies between drugs, improve antibacterial effects, expand antibacterial spectrometry and reduce the production of resistant bacteria. For example, in the treatment of chronic osteoporitis, there may be a combination of antibacterial drugs (e.g., vancocin) and antibacterial drugs (e.g., gills) for gland positives and an antibacterial drug (e.g., gills) for gland vaginal bacteria, as well as an antiaerobic drugs (e.g., nitrogs) to cover possible multiple pathogens. However, joint use also requires caution, as there may be interactions between different drugs, increasing the incidence of adverse effects, such as joint use of certain drugs, which may increase damage to liver and kidney function, metabolism and excretion of substances. Thus, in the joint use of drugs, doctors need to take full account of the mechanisms of the drug, its dynamics and the individual circumstances of the patient, and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages.V. Pharmacokinetics (PK) and Drug Effects Dynamics (PD)Drug-based dynamics mainly study the process of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs in the body, while pharmaceutical-effect dynamics focus on the pharmacological effects of drugs on organisms and their mechanisms of action. The PK/PD theory is an important guide for optimizing antibacterial treatment programmes in the case of osteoporosis. Based on PK/PD characteristics, antibacterial drugs can be classified as concentration and time dependence. The antibacterial activity of drugs with concentrations of dependence (e.g. amino-cluene, quinone) is mainly related to the peak concentrations of the drug, which can enhance the fungicide effect, so that these drugs can be administered at a larger dose and with a smaller number of times; the antibacterial effects of time-dependent drugs (e.g. β-nimamine) are related to the time when the drug is higher than the MIC, typically requiring multiple doses to maintain blood concentrations above the MIC for a sufficient period of time, usually requiring a blood dose of 40 – 60 per cent of the time between drugs. For example, as a concentration-dependent drug, Quintacolin can be treated with a large daily dose programme for severe gelatinococcal osteocobular infections, while Quintacin, as a time-dependent drug, needs to be given several times at specified intervals. Knowledge of the PK/PD characteristics of antibacterial drugs helps doctors to develop individualized delivery programmes based on the characteristics of different drugs, improves the effectiveness of antibacterial treatment and reduces adverse effects.Bacteria resistanceBacteria resistance is now a serious challenge for global health care, including in the field of the bone. Bacteria produce resistance through a variety of mechanisms, such as the creation of active enzymes (e.g. β-implamide can damage β-implamide antibiotics), changing target structures (which prevent the integration of antibacterial drugs), reducing membrane penetration (which prevents drugs from entering the cell). In osteo-clinical practice, the irrational use of antibacterial drugs, such as abuse, irregular treatment, etc., is the main cause of bacterial resistance. For example, in some cases of mild osteoporosis, overuse of broad-spectral, high-level antibacterial drugs may screen drug-resistant strains, not only making this treatment difficult, but also increasing the risk of transmission in the hospital environment or in the community, affecting subsequent treatment of other patients. Therefore, the rational use of antibacterial drugs, enhanced antibacterial surveillance and the promotion of precision medical care to reduce unnecessary exposure to antibacterial drugs are key strategies for dealing with bacterial resistance. In the treatment of osteoporosis infections, doctors should use them precisely, based on the results of sensitive tests, to avoid the empirical abuse of broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs; at the same time, hospitals should strengthen the monitoring of bacterial resistance in regions such as the osteoporosis ward, and timely detection of trends in the prevalence of drug-resistant bacteria and appropriate preventive measures.These key concepts of osteoporosis treatment are interlinked and interacting, and together form the scientific basis for decision-making on osteoporosis treatment. A better understanding of these concepts, both for bone professionals and for patients and their families, will help to raise the level of osteoporosis treatment and ensure the health and rehabilitation of patients.