Lung cancer, also known as lung tumor or bronchogenic carcinoma, is one of the common malignant tumors, which poses a serious threat to human health. The following is a detailed introduction to lung cancer:
1. Morbidity The incidence and mortality of lung cancer have increased significantly in recent decades, and it has become one of the main causes of human death due to cancer. The morbidity age of lung cancer is more than 40 years old, and the peak age of morbidity is between 60 and 79 years old. The ratio of male to female is 2.3: 1, but among women, the incidence of lung cancer is also gradually increasing. 2. Etiology The occurrence of lung cancer is related to many factors, including: Smoking: It is recognized that smoking is an important risk factor for lung cancer, and long-term heavy smoking will significantly increase the incidence of lung cancer. Environmental pollution: including air pollution, indoor air pollution (such as decoration pollution, kitchen fumes, etc.) and carcinogens in the occupational environment (such as asbestos, arsenic, propylene and other chemicals). Genetic factors: Lung cancer may have a genetic risk, and the incidence of people with family history is relatively high. Chronic lung diseases, such as chronic bronchitis and tuberculosis, may cause repeated stimulation of lung cells, thereby increasing the risk of morbidity of lung cancer.
Lung cancer is mainly divided into two basic types: small cell lung cancer (SCLC), which accounts for about 20% of lung cancer, has a high degree of malignancy, a short doubling time, and early and extensive metastasis. It is sensitive to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, but it is prone to secondary drug resistance and recurrence. Non-small cell lung cancer: accounting for 80% of the total number of lung cancer, is the most common lung cancer. It mainly includes adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma (lung squamous cell carcinoma) and large cell undifferentiated carcinoma. Its sensitivity to traditional radiotherapy and chemotherapy is poor.
4. Symptoms The symptoms of lung cancer are closely related to its location, size, type, stage of development and complications or metastasis. There may be no obvious symptoms in the early stage, but with the development of the disease, the following symptoms may occur: Cough: mainly irritating dry cough, which is a common early symptom of lung cancer. Hemoptysis: It is manifested by blood in sputum or a small amount of blood in cough. Chest pain: Chest pain as the first symptom of about 1/4, some patients may be accompanied by chest distress, shortness of breath. Compression syndrome: tumor oppresses the superior vena cava, causing facial edema and neck edema; oppresses the recurrent laryngeal nerve, causing hoarseness. Metastatic symptoms: transfer to the bone, can cause bone pain; transfer to the liver, abdominal cavity, can cause abdominal distension; transfer to the brain, can cause headache, dizziness, nausea and other symptoms.
5. The diagnosis of lung cancer is mainly based on imaging examination, endoscopy and pathological examination. Commonly used examination methods include: Chest X-ray examination: It is one of the most important methods to detect lung cancer. Computed tomography (CT): It can find anatomical structures that cannot be shown by ordinary X-ray examination, and the detection rate of metastatic cancer is higher than that of ordinary tomography. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): The diagnostic value of lung cancer is basically similar to that of CT. Sputum exfoliative cytology: Helps to detect pathological cells in sputum. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy is one of the most commonly used methods for the diagnosis of lung cancer, which can directly observe the pathological changes of endobronchial membranes and lumens.
6. The treatment of lung cancer includes drug treatment, surgical treatment, interventional therapy and general treatment. The specific treatment plan should be considered comprehensively according to the pathological type, clinical stage and physical condition of the patient. Drug therapy: including chemotherapy drugs and targeted therapy drugs. Chemotherapeutic drugs, such as fluorouracil, can be used for systemic therapy; targeted therapeutic drugs, such as bevacizumab and crizotinib, can be used for specific targets. Surgical treatment is one of the main treatments for lung cancer, which is suitable for patients with early lung cancer. The purpose of radical cure can be achieved by surgical resection of tumor tissue. Interventional therapy, including tracheal artery infusion chemotherapy and bronchoscopic interventional therapy, is suitable for patients who cannot undergo surgery and radiotherapy. General treatment: including paying attention to rest, proper exercise, quitting smoking and drinking, adjusting eating habits, etc. These measures help to improve the physical condition of patients and improve the therapeutic effect.
7. Measures to prevent lung cancer mainly include: Quitting smoking: Quitting smoking is the most effective way to prevent lung cancer. Smokers have a much higher risk of lung cancer than non-smokers. Control environmental pollution: reduce air pollution, indoor air pollution, and exposure to carcinogens in the occupational environment. Regular physical examination: It is recommended that people over 40 years old should have regular chest X-ray screening in order to detect lung cancer early. Healthy lifestyle: maintain a healthy lifestyle, including a reasonable diet, moderate exercise, and maintain a good attitude. To sum up, lung cancer is a serious malignant tumor, which poses a serious threat to human health. By understanding the morbidity, etiology, types, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and preventive measure of lung cancer, we can better understand lung cancer and take appropriate prevention and treatment measures.
Lung cancer
prevention is a comprehensive health strategy involving lifestyle, environment and personal habits. Here are some effective ways to prevent lung cancer:
1. Quit smoking and avoid second-hand smoke: Smoking is a major risk factor for lung cancer, and quitting smoking can significantly reduce the risk of lung cancer. Avoid exposure to secondhand smoke, especially in public places and at home.
2. Reduce exposure to air pollution: try to avoid long-term exposure to serious air pollution, such as industrial emission areas, busy streets, etc. Use air purifiers indoors to keep the air flowing.
3. Eat a healthy diet: Eat a balanced diet and eat foods rich in antioxidants, such as fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Limit your intake of red meat and processed foods, and increase your intake of fish, beans, and nuts. 4. Moderate exercise: Regular aerobic exercise, such as brisk walking, swimming and cycling, can help strengthen cardiopulmonary function and immune system. -Maintain a proper weight and avoid obesity.
5. Avoid occupational exposure: When exposed to harmful substances (such as asbestos, arsenic, chromium, etc.) at work, appropriate protective measures should be taken. -Carry out regular occupational health examinations to detect and deal with potential health problems in a timely manner.
6. Reduce indoor radon exposure: Radon is a colorless and odorless radioactive gas, which is a secondary risk factor for lung cancer. Regularly check the radon level in your home and take appropriate measures to reduce its concentration.
7. Avoid other carcinogenic factors: Avoid prolonged exposure to ionizing radiation and ultraviolet rays. Use certain medications, such as certain hormones and immunosuppressants, with caution because they may increase the risk of lung cancer. 8. Regular physical examination: For people with family history of lung cancer or other high-risk factors, chest X-ray or CT examination should be carried out regularly. Prompt detection and treatment of lung abnormalities, such as lung nodules or lung inflammation.
9. Maintain mental health: Mental health is closely related to physical health. Keeping a positive attitude and reducing stress can help reduce the risk of lung cancer. To sum up, the prevention of lung cancer requires us to start from many aspects, including smoking cessation, reducing air pollution exposure, healthy diet, moderate exercise, avoiding occupational exposure, reducing indoor radon exposure, avoiding other carcinogenic factors, regular physical examination and maintaining mental health. These measures help reduce the risk of lung cancer and improve our quality of life.
For people with family history or high-risk factors, more stringent and comprehensive measures are needed to prevent lung cancer. Here are some suggestions:
1. Quit smoking and avoid second-hand smoke: Smoking is the primary risk factor for lung cancer, so quitting smoking is the most direct and effective way to prevent lung cancer. -Avoid prolonged exposure to secondhand smoke, which also increases the risk of lung cancer.
2. Improve indoor air quality: use environmentally friendly decoration materials to reduce indoor pollution sources. Maintain indoor ventilation and reduce the concentration of air pollutants.
3. Healthy diet and moderate exercise: Eat a balanced diet and eat foods rich in antioxidants, such as fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and nuts. Maintain moderate exercise, enhance physical fitness and improve immunity. 4. Strengthen occupational protection:-For workers engaged in work related to carcinogens such as asbestos, coal tar and arsenic, occupational health surveillance should be strengthened. -Wear personal protective equipment and receive regular health checks to reduce the risk of lung cancer due to occupational exposure.
5. Regular physical examination and screening:-People with family history or high-risk factors should undergo regular low-dose spiral CT screening in order to detect lung cancer lesions early. If symptoms such as persistent cough and hemoptysis occur, they should seek medical treatment in time for pulmonary function test and high-resolution CT examination of the chest.
6. Maintain mental health: Mental health is closely related to physical health. Maintaining a positive attitude and reducing stress can help reduce the risk of lung cancer.
7. Reduce air pollution exposure: Try to avoid going out in haze weather. If you go out, you must wear a mask that can prevent PM2.5. -Advocate green travel, use clean energy and reduce air pollution.
8. Avoid other carcinogenic factors: Be cautious about using certain drugs, such as certain hormones and immunosuppressants, because they may increase the risk of lung cancer. Avoid prolonged exposure to carcinogenic factors such as ionizing radiation and ultraviolet radiation. To sum up, for people with family history or high risk factors, comprehensive measures should be taken to prevent lung cancer, including smoking cessation, improving indoor air quality, healthy diet and moderate exercise, strengthening occupational protection, regular physical examination and screening, maintaining mental health and reducing air pollution exposure. These measures help to reduce the incidence and mortality of lung cancer and improve the quality of life.
