Knowledge on antibacterial drugs commonly used in the respiratory field


Respiratory infections are one of the most common diseases globally, ranging from upper respiratory infections (e.g., nasal, osteoporosis) to lower respiratory infections (e.g., bronchitis, pneumonia). These infections may be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites, but bacterial infections are important in respiratory diseases. Antibacterial drugs play a crucial role in the treatment of respiratory bacterial infections. This paper will describe the commonly used antibacterial drugs in the respiratory field, including their classification, mechanisms of action, adaptation, side effects and future trends.Classification of antibacterial drugsAntibacterial drugs can be classified according to their chemical structure, functioning mechanisms and antibacterial spectrum. Common antibacterial drug types include beta-nimide, large cyclopentone, quinone, amino sugar, sulfamide and tetracycline.1. Beta-nimideBeta-neamide is one of the most commonly used antibacterial drugs, including penicillin, headgillin and single-ring β-neamide. Such drugs are resistant to bacteria by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. Common representative drugs are penicillin G: broad spectrum penicillin, which applies to infections such as streptococcus and pneumococcus. Head spasms: third-generation enzymes, broad spectrum resistance, applicable to multiple respiratory infections.2. Large ring estersLarge ethyl esters are anti-bacterial by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial proteins. Common representative drugs are erythiocin: for infections such as streptococcus and pneumonia streptococcus. Archiccin: A wide spectrum of large ringed esters, applicable to multiple respiratory infections.3. XenoneZenone-type drugs are antibacterial by inhibiting bacterial DNA rotation enzymes. The most common representative drugs are the ring-propsat: those that apply to geranella vaginal infections, such as coli, creber, etc. Left oxyfluorosalt: Drugs of the wide spectrum quinone, applicable to multiple respiratory infections.Amino sugarAmino-sugar-like drugs are resistant to bacteria by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial proteins. Common representative drugs are: Quintaacin: applicable to grenyl cactus infections, e.g. coli, creber, etc. America: Accelerants with a strong amino sugar, applicable to acute infections.5. Sulfamides and tetracyclic groupsSulfamides and tetracyclics act as antibiotics by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial nucleic acids. Common representative drugs are sulfamide sulfide: applicable to multiple respiratory infections. Dossi Cyclogen: For infections such as chlamydia, chlamydia etc.II. Mechanisms for the functioning of anti-bacterial drugsAntibacterial drugs function through a variety of mechanisms, including, inter alia, inhibiting cell wall synthesis, inhibiting protein synthesis, inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis and interfering with cellular membrane functions. Different types of antibacterial drugs use different mechanisms to suppress or kill bacteria.1. Suppression of cell wall synthesisBeta-neamide-type drugs are antibacterial by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. Cell walls are bacterial-specific structures that are essential to cell form and function. Penicillin and headgillin are combined with cell wall synthetic enzymes to inhibit cell wall synthesis and cause bacterial cell fragmentation.2. Repression of protein synthesisGreat cycloesters, amino sugar slurry and tetracyclic drugs are resistant to bacterial protein synthesis. The combination of these drugs with bacterial nuclei inhibits the synthesis of proteins and results in bacteria not growing and breeding.3. Depression of nucleic acid synthesisZenone-type drugs are antibacterial by inhibiting bacterial DNA rotation enzymes. DNA rotation enzymes are key enzymes for the reproduction and transfer of bacteria, and quinone-type drugs inhibit the reproduction and transfer of DNA through a combination of the revolving enzymes, resulting in bacteria not being able to grow and reproduce.Interference with cellular membrane functionsPyrophyllic antibacterial drugs perform antibacterial functions by interfering with bacterial cellular membranes. These drugs are combined with membranes, which cause membrane fractures, bacterial cell content leaks and bacterial deaths.III. Adaptation of antibacterial drugsDifferent types of antibacterial drugs apply to different respiratory infections. The choice of appropriate antibacterial drugs is key to successful treatment.1. Upper respiratory infectionsUpper respiratory infections such as nasal, osteoporosis and central ear disease are common pathogens including streptococcus, pneumococcus and haemophilus influenzae. Common antibacterial drugs include penicillin, headgillin and large ringed mercurates.2. Lower respiratory infectionsLower respiratory infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia are common pathogens, including pneumocococcal, haemophilus influenzae and pneumocococcal. Antibacterial drugs are commonly used in the form of β-neamides, large cyclists and quinone.IV. Side effects of antibacterial drugsAntibacterial drugs can also cause a range of side effects while treating respiratory infections. Common side effects include allergies, gastrointestinal reactions, liver and kidney toxicity and bone marrow inhibition.1. AllergiesAllergies are one of the most common side effects of antibacterial drugs, manifested in rashes, itchism, measles and asthma. Serious allergies can lead to allergies and endanger lives.2. Gastrointestinal reactionGastrointestinal reaction is a common side effect of anti-bacterial drugs, manifested in nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and abdominal pain. These responses are usually temporary but may affect the quality of life of patients.3. Hepatic renal toxicitySome antibacterial drugs may cause hepatic renal toxicity, in the form of hepatic abnormalities, kidney abnormalities and yellow sluice. These side effects need to be closely monitored and, if necessary, antibacterial drugs discontinued.Bone marrow inhibitionSome anti-bacterial drugs can cause bone marrow inhibition, in the form of a reduction in white cells, a decrease in blood panels and anaemia. These side effects need to be closely monitored and, if necessary, antibacterial drugs discontinued.Future trends in antibacterial drugsAs bacterial resistance increases, the development of antibacterial drugs faces enormous challenges. Future research and development of antibacterial drugs focuses on:1. Identification of new targetsTraditional anti-bacterial drugs are mainly targeted at target points such as bacterial cell walls, protein synthesis and nucleic acid synthesis. Future studies will focus on new antibacterial targets, such as metabolism pathways for bacteria, signal transfer routes and cellular membranes.2. Development of new mechanismsFuture research and development of antibacterial drugs will focus on the development of new mechanisms of action, such as interference with the biological membrane function of bacteria, inhibition of bacteria’ toxin genres and biofilm formation of bacteria.Screening of new drugsFuture research and development of antibacterial drugs will focus on screening new natural products and synthetic compounds for new drugs with antibacterial activity.4. Drug resistance controlFuture research and development of antibacterial drugs will focus on the prevention of the production of bacterial resistance, such as the development of joint drug strategies, the development of new antibacterial drugs and the promotion of rational use of antibacterial drugs.Concluding remarksRespiratory infections are one of the most common diseases worldwide, and anti-bacterial drugs play a crucial role in the treatment of respiratory bacterial infections. This paper presents the most common antibacterial drugs in the respiratory field, including their classification, mechanisms of action, adaptation, side effects and future trends. As bacterial resistance increases, the development of antibacterial drugs faces enormous challenges. Future research will focus on the detection of new targets, the development of new mechanisms, the screening of new drugs and drug resistance control, with a view to providing more options and better treatment for respiratory infections.