Negative consequences of inappropriate use of anti-bacterial drugs
Common causes of antibiotics abuse:
1. Use in viral infections: Many common diseases, such as common flu, influenza (mostly caused by viruses), viral oscillitis, are treated with antibiotics without a clear combination of bacterial infections. For example, children have common colds, and parents give their children antibiotics such as Amosilin on their own, which they believe will help them to get better quickly, but the common cold is caused by the virus, which does not treat them. 2. For non-infective diseases: Antibiotics are also frequently misused for non-infective inflammations or conditions, such as allergy, rheumatism, etc. Like allergies, which are the result of an allergic reaction of the organism to certain allergies and are not the result of bacterial infections, some patients may try to mitigate symptoms with antibiotics without knowing the cause.
Improper drug use: 1. Self-reducing dose: The patient does not take antibiotics at the dose prescribed by the doctor, either increases the dose if he/she feels the disease is better or slower and expects to heal quickly; or reduces the dose or takes an early stop. For example, doctors require three times a day, two times a time, but when patients feel less serious, they change themselves to two times a day, one at a time or two days at which they feel better. 2. Alteration of the frequency of use of drugs: Non-compliance with the prescribed frequency of use of medicines and arbitrary lengthening or shortening of the interval of use. For example, the Achicillin type requires one dose per day and the patient takes it twice a day on his/her own, in the belief that it enhances the efficacy of the drug, without knowing that it may increase the likelihood of adverse effects of the drug, while at the same time preventing the drug from being treated optimally in the body. 3. Non-pharmaceutical: Antibiotic treatment that does not complete the whole course of treatment is discontinued when symptoms are slightly reduced but the fungus may not have been fully eliminated. In the case of treatment of urin infections, the doctor provides for seven days of continuous antibiotics, but after three days the patient is reduced in the form of a feeling of urination and an acute urinary condition, he/she stops, resulting in re-emergence of the infection, which may be made more difficult by the bacterium ‘ s resistance.
Improper choice of medicines: 1. Use of medicines by experience: patients or some non-specialized health-care personnel choose some kind of antibiotics for treatment only on the basis of past experience in the use of medicines, without having undergone an accurate diagnosis and drug sensitivity test. For example, past tonsilitis has been cured with penicillin, this time with similar symptoms, and then directly with penicillin, regardless of whether the type of bacteria affected by the infection may have changed or whether there is resistance, which may result in ineffective treatment. 2. Selection of high-level antibiotics: higher-level, broad-scale antibiotics at the outset, rather than starting with lower-level antibiotics based on the condition. For example, children are only slightly skin-infected and could have been treated first with relatively low-level antibiotics such as redicillin ointment, but parents directly request a doctor to open a third generation of precipitous antibiotics, which may not only result in waste of resources but, more importantly, increase the risk of bacteria producing resistance.
Joint drug abuse: 1. Unnecessary joint drug use: treatment with multiple antibiotics when unnecessary. For example, patients are simply mild respiratory infections, and doctors have introduced a suitable antibiotic, but the patients themselves have added another antibiotic, arguing that such a two-pronged approach could be much better and faster, which might increase the likelihood of drug interaction and lead to an increase in adverse reactions, while at the same time preventing an accurate determination of which drug is actually effective for treatment. Unreasonable combination of combinations of drugs: Even where there is a genuine need for joint use, the selected combination of antibiotics is unreasonable. For example, there is a significant overlap between the two antibiotics in the antibacterial spectroscopy, and joint use does not provide synergies, but may affect the efficacy or increase the likelihood of adverse reactions as a result of the interaction of drugs.
Prevention of maluse: 1. Unindicated preventive medicine: In the absence of clear preventive drug indications, antibiotics are used to prevent possible infections. For example, after some minor operations (e.g. tooth extraction, circumcision, etc.), the patient is in good health, and the procedure is in strict compliance with the principle of sterile operation, but the patient or a doctor still gives the patient a preventive antibiotics, which is the generic preventive drug, which increases the risk of the misuse of antibiotics. 2. Excessive length of preventive drug use: even with some indications of preventive drug use, excessive length of preventive drug use. For example, in large-scale operations, such as heart bridging operations, preventive drug use is generally set at 24 to 48 hours after surgery, but some hospitals or doctors may extend preventive drug use to days or more, increasing not only the dose of antibiotics but also the risk of bacteria producing resistance.
Possible consequences of the misuse of antibiotics:
I. Effects on the human body: 1. Drug-resistant bacteria generation: The abuse of antibiotics can have a strong screening pressure on bacteria, resulting in the mass extinction of bacteria that are otherwise resistant to antibiotics, while a small number of bacteria with resistant genes survive and reproduce in large numbers. In the long run, this leads to an increasing number of drug-resistant bacteria, which may end up in a terrible situation of common infections, where common antibiotics fail, making the infection difficult to treat and increasing the patient ‘ s pain, hospitalization time and medical costs. 2. Normal strain disorders in the human body: there is a large number of normal strains of the human skin, mouth and intestinal tract, which are interdependent with the human body and play an important role in maintaining the normal physiological function of the human body and protecting against invasive alien bacteria. Misuse of antibiotics kills or suppresses these normal strains in an indiscriminate manner, undermining the micro-ecological balance of the human body. For example, intestinal group disorders can lead to digestive system problems such as diarrhoea, constipation and abdominal swelling, and may also affect human immune function and nutritional absorption.
Impact on the medical system: 1. Treatment is becoming more difficult: as the number of drug-resistant strains increases, doctors have fewer and fewer effective antibiotics of their choice to deal with infected patients and have to try to use more advanced and expensive antibiotics, and may even require a combination of drugs for treatment. This not only increases the complexity and difficulty of treatment, but also increases the length of the treatment cycle and makes the process of rehabilitation of patients more difficult. Increased medical costs: The need to use higher levels of antibiotics and the possibility of additional examinations (e.g., drug-sensitive tests) to determine effective treatment programmes will result in significant increases in medical costs. For the individual patient, it means higher medical costs; for the health system as a whole, it also increases the consumption and burden of resources.
Impact on public health: 1. Transmission of drug-resistant bacteria: it can be transmitted through direct human contact (e.g. handshakes, kisses, etc.), indirect contact (e.g., common goods, etc.) and medical environment (e.g., medical devices, wards in hospitals, etc.). Once drug-resistant bacteria are widely disseminated among the population, they create a public health hazard, which can trigger large-scale drug-resistant infections and pose a serious threat to social stability and public health. 2. Impacts on the prevention and control of infectious diseases: In the prevention and control of infectious diseases, antibiotics are one of the important treatments. If antibiotic abuse leads to a proliferation of resistant bacteria, the spread of infection may not be effectively controlled in response to outbreaks of infectious diseases, making the prevention and control of infectious diseases more difficult.
