Heart Failure, HF is a syndrome caused by cardiac structure or functional abnormalities, manifested in the impairment of the blood function of the heart pump to meet the aerobic metabolic needs. Cardiovascular failure is the end of many cardiovascular diseases and is characterized by high morbidity, hospitalization and mortality. As population ageing and the burden of chronic disease increases, heart failure has become a major public health problem globally. This paper will explore in detail the pathological factors of heart failure and preventive management measures to help the public better understand and respond to the disease.
I. Epidemiological factors of heart failure
Cardiac failure is usually the result of a combination of causes and risk factors. Depending on the cause of the disease, it can be divided into two categories: heart disease per se and non-cardial factors.
(i) Heart disease per se
Coronary heart disease
The sclerosis of coronary porridge leads to myocardial insufficiency, anaerobic insufficiency and impaired myocardial constriction, one of the main causes of heart failure.
After myocardial infarction, myocardial necrosis and oscillations further weakened the capacity of the heart to pump blood.
High blood pressure
Long-term high blood pressure leads to thick left heart chamber and rigid myocardial muscles, which eventually develop into heart failure.
High blood pressure is an important risk factor for heart failure, especially among older persons.
Cardiac disease
Comprising extended myocardiosis, thicker myocardiosis and restricted myocardiosis can cause cardiac structure and function abnormalities and induce heart failure.
4. Veal heart disease
The narrow or incomplete heart valves lead to increased heart loads, which can cause heart failure in the long term.
5. Heart disorders
Rapid cardiac disorders (e.g. cardiac tremors) or slow heart disorders (e.g. pathological lynch syndrome) can lead to a reduction in heart pump blood function.
(ii) Non-cardial factors
Diabetes
Diabetes patients suffer from abnormal myocardial metabolism and are prone to diabetes mellitus, increasing the risk of heart failure.
Chronic kidney disease
Incomplete kidney function leads to fluid retention and electrolytic disorders, increases the heart burden and induces heart failure.
Obesity
Obesity increases heart loads, leading to dysentery and reduced heart function, and is an important risk factor for heart failure.
4. Infection
Acute viral infections (e.g. viral myocarditis) or chronic infections (e.g. rheumatism) can directly impair myocardial function.
5. Drugs and poisons
Certain chemotherapy drugs (e.g., rim-type drugs), alcohol and drugs (e.g., cocaine) can cause heart muscle damage and induce heart failure.
6. Other factors
Cardiac failure can be induced or aggravated, for example, by anaemia, thyroid abnormalities (alphate or hypothylene), pulmonary artery hypertension, etc.
Protection against heart failure
Protection against heart failure should focus on prevention, with emphasis on risk control, early intervention and health management.
(i) Primary prevention: prevention of heart failure
1. Control of hypertension
Blood pressure is monitored on a regular basis to maintain it in its normal range (<130/80 mmHg) and, if necessary, to use pressure-relief drugs (e.g. ACEI, ARB or calcium route retardants).
Management of blood resin
Control of blood resin levels through dietary adjustments and medications (e.g., tatin-type drugs) to prevent the sclerosis of the artery.
3. Prevention of coronary heart disease
Healthy diet, cessation of alcohol and regular exercise to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease.
4. Control of diabetes
Controlling blood sugar levels through diet, exercise and medicine (e.g., diaphragm, SSLT2) to prevent heart damage associated with diabetes.
5. Healthy lifestyles
Maintain healthy weight (BMI < 24 kg/m2) to avoid obesity.
At least 150 minutes of aerobic aerobic activity per week, such as walking, swimming, etc.
(ii) Secondary prevention: early detection and intervention
1. Periodic medical examinations
Periodic cardiac function assessments are conducted for high-risk groups (e.g., hypertension, diabetes patients), including EKGs, ultrasound heart mapping, etc.
Early identification of symptoms
Attention to early symptoms of heart failure, such as lack of strength, short-temperature, edema to the lower limbs, and difficulty in breathing at night.
3. Drug intervention
Early intervention with ACEI, ARB or β-receptor retardants can be used for patients with high risk of heart failure (e.g. lower left-cardial blood fractions).
(iii) Level III prevention: prevention of deterioration
1. Regulating drug treatment
Diuretants: Symptoms of decomposition of body fluids, e.g., fura and torasemi.
ACEI/ARB: Improvement of heart function to slow progress.
Beta receptor retardant: Reduced heart rate and reduced myocardial oxygen consumption.
Oblastone stressor: e.g. propyl, reduction of CPR.
SGLT2 inhibitor: e.g. Dag Hammarskjöld Net, has been shown in recent years to have significant benefits for patients with heart failure.
2. Lifestyle management
Salt limit: Daily salt intake is controlled below 5 g, reducing sodium sodium retention.
Water limitation: For patients with severe heart failure, daily liquid intake (e.g. 1.5-2 litres) is limited.
Prohibition of alcohol: Avoiding further damage to the heart from tobacco and alcohol.
3. Monitoring of the situation
Weight is monitored on a regular basis and sudden body weight increases may indicate body fluid retention.
Monitoring of blood pressure, heart rate and heart function indicators and timely adjustment of treatment programmes.
4. Psychological support
Cardiac failure is often accompanied by anxiety and depression and requires psychological support and, if necessary, professional psychological counselling.
III. Governance measures for heart failure
The management of heart failure includes a variety of means, such as drug treatment, equipment treatment and surgical treatment, and individualized programmes based on the patient ‘ s specific condition.
(i) Drug treatment
1. Essential drugs
ACEI/ARB, β-receptor retardants, urethrins, formaldehydesterone stressants, etc. are the basic therapeutic drugs for heart failure.
2. New drugs
SGLT2 Depressants: In recent years, they have been included in the guidelines for the treatment of heart failure, with significant CPR effects.
ARNI (Shakubatra-Saltan): Improved heart function through a dual mechanism for patients with reduced heart failure.
(ii) Device therapy
1. Cardiac resynchronisation (CRT)
Cardiac constriction can be improved for patients with heart-transmission retardation.
2. Implanted cardiac retrendor (ICD)
For patients at risk of malign cardiac disorders, sudden death is prevented.
(iii) Surgery
1. Coronary artery by-pass transplant (CABG)
In the case of heart failure caused by coronary heart disease, the blood of the heart muscle can be improved.
2. Cardiac transplant
Cardiac transplants are the only cure for terminal heart failure.
IV. REHABILIZATION MANAGEMENT OF CONSTRUCTION
1. Heart rehabilitation
This includes physical training, nutritional guidance, psychological support and drug management, which help to improve the quality of life of patients.
2. Long-term follow-up
Periodic visits are made to assess the function of the heart and the effectiveness of the treatment and to adjust the treatment programme in a timely manner.
3. Patient education
Increased patient awareness of the disease, enhanced self-management capacity and reduced re-inpatientization.
Concluding remarks
Heart failure is a complex chronic disease whose protection and management require multidisciplinary collaboration and long-term management. By controlling risk factors, early intervention and regulating treatment, most patients can slow down the progress of their condition and improve their quality of life. The public should raise awareness of heart failure, especially among high-risk groups, and should undergo regular medical examinations to actively prevent and manage cardiovascular diseases. In the future, as medical technology advances, the treatment of heart failure will become more diverse and provide better health security for patients.
Acute heart failure. Heart failure.
