The spread of viral diseases among the population is achieved mainly through a variety of means, and understanding of these means is essential for the prevention and control of viral infections.
First, respiratory transmission, one of the most common modes of transmission of the virus. When infected people cough, sneeze and speak, it produces the foam that contains the virus. After short periods of suspension in the air, they can be inhaled into the respiratory tract by people around them, leading to the infection of the virus. For example, influenza viruses, new crown viruses, etc. are mainly transmitted in this way.
In closed, congested and poorly ventilated environments, the risk of transmission of the virus is higher. The size of the foam is typically between 1 and 10 μm, and larger foam is deposited more quickly on the surface of objects such as the ground, while smaller foam can stay in the air for longer periods. When people inhale the foam that contains the virus, the virus is attached to the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, and the intruding cell begins to reproduce and cause disease.
In addition, there is a special form of respiratory transmission, which is aerosol transmission. Aerosols are solid or liquid particles that are suspended in a gas media, typically less than 5 microns in diameter. In some exceptional cases, such as during medical operations (e.g. the use of certain respiratory treatment equipment), in particular industrial environments or when viruses are transmitted in ventilation systems such as toilets, the virus may be suspended in the air for long periods of time in the form of aerosols, which can cause infection after inhalation.
II. The transmission of the digestive tract and the transmission of the virus through contaminated foods and water sources into the human digestive tract. For example, hepatitis A virus is transmitted mainly through manure-port. When the faeces of the infected contaminate the water or food, and the healthy eat these contaminated objects, the virus enters the mouth, passing through the edible, stomach and eventually into the intestinal tract. In the intestinal tract, the virus seeks suitable cells for adsorption and intrusion, and then breeds in the intestinal cell in large quantities, causing symptoms of disease such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, etc.
Norus virus is also a common virus transmitted through digestive tracts. In densely populated places such as schools, nursing homes and cruise ships, large-scale infections can occur once food or water sources are contaminated with the virus. The virus is highly contagious, and a small number of viral particles can lead to infection.
Exposure diffusion, which includes both direct and indirect exposure. Direct contact transmission is the direct transmission of the virus from the infected to the susceptible, usually in contact with the skin or with the mucous membranes. For example, some of the simple herpes virus, which causes herpes on the mouth, can be transmitted directly to the other when the infected person kisses or is in close contact with another person.
Indirect exposure is transmitted by exposure to the surface of a virus-contaminated object. The virus can survive on the surface of an object for a certain period of time, such as doorknobs, elevator buttons, hand helpers of public transport, etc., which are often touched by people. When a healthy person touches these contaminated objects with his or her hands and touches the parts of his or her eye, nose, mouth, etc., the virus enters the body and causes infection.
Blood transmission, which is a more specific mode of transmission, mainly through blood transfusions, sharing syringes, vertical mother-to-child transmission, etc. For example, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the hepatitis B virus (HBV) can be transmitted through blood.
The virus is easily transmitted among the population during illegal blood-mining, blood transfusion or when intravenous drug users share syringes. Vertical mother-to-child transmission is the transmission of the virus to the child during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding. For example, if mothers with hepatitis B do not take effective measures to prevent mother-to-child transmission, there is a high risk that the baby will become infected at birth.
5. Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) and mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) include, in addition to blood transmission, intrauterine transmission through placenta transmission and delivery channels during childbirth. When the rubella virus is infected with a pregnant woman, the fetus can be infected through placenta, leading to congenital rubella syndrome in the foetus and severe consequences for the development of the foetus, such as congenital heart disease, deafness and cataracts.
During the delivery process, the baby may be exposed to mother-to-child genres containing the virus, thereby infecting the virus. For example, in the case of mothers infected with herpes virus and gonorrhoea, infants may be infected during delivery, with symptoms such as eye or respiratory infections.
Sexual transmission and sexual transmission are one of the important means of transmission of the virus, many of which can spread between people through sexual behaviour. For example, acute wetting is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV). During sexual exposure, the virus can enter the human body through decomposition of the skin mucous membrane, and reproduces in the genital organs and their surrounding tissues, resulting in pathologies such as sharp wet thorium.
AIDS is also a predominantly sexually transmitted disease. In unprotected sex (e.g. without condom), HIV can be transmitted from the infected to the sexual partner. In addition, other sexually transmitted viruses include herpes, gonorrhoea, etc., which spread more widely among sexually active populations, so safe sex (e.g., the correct use of condoms) is essential to prevent these viruses from contracting diseases.
Knowing the ways in which viral diseases are transmitted, we can effectively reduce the risk of infection through targeted preventive measures, such as improved hygiene, food safety, protection from unsafe sex, etc.
