First, living and living aspects
1. Rest and Sleep
Patients with
brain injury need to ensure adequate rest and good sleep quality after discharge. We should try to arrange regular sleep time every day, and it is generally recommended to ensure 7 to 9 hours of sleep every night. Create a quiet, comfortable sleeping environment with suitable temperature and avoid strong light and noise interference. Auxiliary tools such as curtains and earplugs can be used appropriately. A short lunch break can also be arranged in the afternoon, which should be 30 minutes to 1 hour, to help restore physical strength and energy.
2. Activity and exercise
Activities are carried out step by step
according to the patient’s recovery. Early should not be too vigorous exercise, can start from a simple walk, accompanied by family members walking 1 to 2 times a day, 15 to 30 minutes each time, the speed of patients feel comfortable. With the improvement of physical condition, you can gradually increase the time and distance of walking, or try to do some light stretching exercises, such as arm stretching, leg flexion and extension, each action can be repeated 10 to 15 times, 2 to 3 groups a day, to help promote limb blood circulation and joint flexibility.
For patients with certain mobility, on the premise of ensuring safety, they can try some simple housework activities, such as wiping tables, folding clothes, etc., but they should pay attention to avoiding overwork and the risk of falling. In the course of activities, if dizziness, palpitation, fatigue and other discomfort symptoms occur, they should stop and rest immediately.
3. Living environment
The room where the
patient lives should be kept clean and well-ventilated, and the window should be opened regularly to keep the air fresh. The ground should be kept dry to avoid water stains and prevent patients from slipping and falling. Anti-skid mats can be laid in bathrooms, corridors and other places where it is easy to slip. Indoor furniture should be placed reasonably to avoid too many obstacles affecting patients’walking, and to ensure that there is enough space for patients to use wheelchairs or rehabilitation training equipment (if necessary).
2. Dietary nutrition
1. Balanced
nutrition The diet of patients with
brain injury should focus on balanced nutrition, including adequate protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals. Protein sources can choose lean meat, fish, beans, eggs, etc. Daily intake should be appropriate, for example, lean meat intake can be 50 to 100 grams, fish intake can be 100 to 150 grams. Carbohydrates are mainly cereals and potatoes, so it is necessary to ensure that each meal has a certain amount of staple food, such as rice, steamed bun, sweet potatoes, etc., to provide enough energy.
Fat intake should be moderate and choose healthy fat sources, such as olive oil, fish oil, etc., to reduce the intake of animal oil and fried food. Eat more fresh vegetables and fruits, the daily intake of vegetables should not be less than 500 grams, fruit intake can be 200 to 300 grams, to supplement vitamins, minerals and dietary fiber.
2. Special dietary needs
Some patients with brain injury may have problems such as dysphagia, and their diet should be adjusted accordingly. Food should be soft and easy to swallow, such as rice paste, lotus root starch, steamed egg custard, etc. The food can be pureed or pasty, which is convenient for patients to eat. When eating, correct posture should be adopted. Generally, patients can sit up straight or semi-reclining, with their heads slightly forward, so as to avoid choking caused by food reflux. If dysphagia is severe, it may be necessary to ensure nutritional supply through nasal feeding and other means.
In addition, some patients may have cognitive impairment, may forget to eat or do not know how to eat properly. Family members should guide and assist patiently, formulate a fixed eating schedule, remind patients to eat on time, and give appropriate guidance and help in the process of eating.
III. Rehabilitation Training
1. Cognitive rehabilitation
For brain injury patients with cognitive impairment, cognitive rehabilitation training should be continued after discharge. It can start with simple memory training, such as asking patients to recall a few small things that happened that day, such as what they ate for breakfast and who they met. They can also exercise their short-term memory ability by playing some simple memory games, such as card matching games.
Attention training is also important, allowing the patient to perform simple reading tasks, such as reading a short passage and then answering questions, to improve the patient’s concentration. At the same time, orientation training can also be carried out, often asking patients about time, place, people and other basic information to help patients recover their awareness of the surrounding environment.
2. Language rehabilitation
If patients have language barriers, they should insist on language rehabilitation training. Begin with simple pronunciation exercises, such as having the patient imitate the sound of a single vowel, such as “a” “o” “e” “, and gradually transition to the sound of words, and then to simple sentences. We can use pictures, objects and other auxiliary tools to let patients look at the pictures and say the corresponding words or sentences.
Dialogue practice is also an important part of language rehabilitation. Family members should communicate with patients more and encourage them to express their thoughts and feelings. Even if patients do not express clearly, they should listen and respond patiently so that patients have enough confidence to continue training.
3. Physical rehabilitation
Limb rehabilitation training is very important for patients with limb movement disorders. For upper limbs, grasping training can be carried out, such as letting patients grasp objects of different sizes and shapes with their hands, such as small balls, building blocks, etc., to gradually enhance the grasping ability of their hands. It can also carry out upper limb lifting, stretching and other movements training, each movement repeated many times, and insist on training every day.
For lower limbs, standing and walking training are mainly carried out. At the beginning, with the help of assistive devices, such as crutches and walkers, we can practice standing balance first, gradually increase standing time, and then try to walk with small strides. With the deepening of training, we can continuously improve the stability and distance of walking.
Fourth, psychological adjustment
.
1. Patient’s own psychological state
Patients with
brain injury often face various psychological problems after discharge, such as anxiety, depression, inferiority and so on. Patients themselves should try to face up to their condition, realize that recovery is a gradual process, and not be too frustrated because they can not see the obvious recovery effect in the short term. You can record your recovery process and mood changes by keeping a diary, which helps you sort out your emotions.
At the same time, we should actively participate in rehabilitation training, and every small progress can bring confidence to ourselves. Patients can also cultivate some of their own interests and hobbies, such as listening to music, painting and so on, while relaxing their body and mind, they can also divert their attention to the condition.
2. Psychological support
for family members
Family members play a very important role in the psychological adjustment of patients. Family members should give patients enough care and understanding, and do not show impatience or disappointment because of the slow progress of patients’recovery. We should often communicate with patients, listen to their voices, encourage them to express their worries and worries, and give positive responses and comfort.
Family members can also organize some family activities, such as watching movies together, going out for picnics, so that patients can feel the warmth of the family and the joy of life, which is helpful to improve the psychological state of patients.
5. Regular review
1. Review time
Patients with
brain injury should be reexamined regularly after discharge according to the doctor’s advice. Generally, one month, three months and six months after discharge should be reexamined, and the specific time of reexamination may vary according to the severity of the patient’s condition and recovery. Through regular review, doctors can timely understand the rehabilitation progress of patients, find out possible problems, and timely adjust the treatment and rehabilitation program.
2. Review items
Review items usually include nervous system examination, such as checking the patient’s state of consciousness, limb motor function, sensory function, etc.; imaging examination, such as head CT, MRI, etc., to observe the recovery of brain injury; and some laboratory tests, such as blood routine, blood biochemistry, etc., may also be carried out to understand the patient’s overall physical condition.
Patients and their families should pay attention to regular review and not neglect the importance of review because they feel that they are recovering well. Only through regular review can we ensure that the recovery process of patients goes smoothly and that potential health problems can be found and dealt with in time.
The precautions for patients with
brain injury after discharge involve many aspects, such as daily life, diet and nutrition, rehabilitation training, psychological adjustment and regular review. Only when patients and their families pay full attention to and earnestly implement these precautions, can they better promote the rehabilitation of patients and improve their quality of life.
