I. METHODOLOGY OF PREVENTION OF INVESTIGATION DURING THE ASSESSMENT
It is essential to prevent the infection at this critical stage, which is a whole process surrounding the operation, including before, during and after the operation. It is important that the success of the operation and the recovery of the patient from the operation are addressed in detail below.
Method of preventing infection before surgery
The patient himself prepares:
Improvement of the basic state: For people suffering from malnutrition, it is necessary to actively correct them by means of a reasonable diet or nutritional supplement, such as supplementing foods or preparations rich in nutrients such as proteins and vitamins, and to increase the resilience of the body, as a well-nourished body is better able to cope with surgical trauma and to withstand possible invasions. For those who combine chronic diseases such as diabetes, blood sugar levels need to be strictly controlled, so that they remain as high or as close to normal as possible. High blood sugar conditions are highly bacterial, are detrimental to post-operative healing and increase the risk of infection.
(a) Personal hygiene management: patients are urged to perform personal cleaning work prior to the operation, especially in the surgery area and its surrounding skin, such as a thorough bath and the replacement of clean clothes. For patients in special circumstances such as intestinal surgery, intestinal preparation is also required, such as pre-oral laxal cleaning of the intestinal tract, reducing the number of bacteria in the intestinal tract and reducing the likelihood of post-operative infections.
Medical personnel operations:
(c) Strict control of the signs of surgery: Doctors must assess the patient ‘ s condition accurately, evaluate the need for and feasibility of the operation and consider performing the operation only if the benefit of the operation is greater than the risk, and avoid the risk of infection resulting from unnecessary operations.
Rational use of preventive antibacterial drugs: the choice of antibacterial drugs is regulated according to the type of operation, the type of incision, etc. Generic cleaning operations (e.g., thyroid surgery) allow for the preventive use of antibacterial drugs when the scope, duration or high risk of infection are high, while clean-polluting operations (e.g., gastrointestinal) and polluting operations (e.g., open trauma operations) usually require the preventive application of antibacterial drugs. The timing of the use should normally be given within 0.5-2 hours before the operation, to ensure that the local tissue at the time of the surgical incision is at a level sufficient to allow the bacteria to be invaded during the operation.
Method of preventing infection during surgery
Environmental management of operating theatres:
Cleaning and disinfection: Operating rooms are regularly provided with comprehensive cleaning and strict disinfection, including operating tables, no-film lamps, surfaces of various instruments and equipment, etc., in accordance with the standard procedure. The air should also be filtered, cycling and disinfected through an efficient air purification system, maintaining appropriate temperature and humidity, reducing the number of organisms suspended in the air and reducing the risk of surgical infections.
Restrictions on the movement of persons: strict control over the number of persons entering and entering the operating theatre, the restricted access of unrelated persons, and the replacement of specialized surgical clothing, footwear, hats, masks, etc. by medical personnel entering the operating theatre, etc., following a strict sterile process, prevent the introduction of outside bacteria into the surgery area.
Operating equipment and goods management:
Strict sterilization: All surgical devices, dressings, etc. must be treated with strict sterilization, which can be done using reliable methods such as high-temperature, high-voltage vapour and epoxyethylene ethanol, to ensure that there are no microbiological residues, such as bacteria, viruses, etc., in the instruments, such as commonly used surgical knives, scorpion, etc., and to check the proper antibacterial markings before they are used to ensure that they are sterile.
(b) Regulation of transmission and use: During the operation, the equipment nurse is required to pass the equipment to the surgeon in an accurate and regular manner and to avoid contamination. At the same time, repeated use is strictly prohibited for articles that are used once-in-time, so as to prevent the risk of infection due to poor quality, etc.
Method of preventing infection after surgery
Incision care:
Keep clean and dry: close observation of the surgical cut, regular replacement of the dressing of the cut, keeping the cut and its surrounding skin clean, dry, and avoiding contamination by sweat, seepage, etc., and timely treatment, as necessary, generous development, and targeted use of antibacterial drugs, should the cut be detected in the event of haemorrhage, more permeable fluids or abnormalities such as red swollen and increased pain.
Reasonable time and method of changing drugs: The principle of sterile operation is strictly followed when changing drugs, health-care personnel wash their hands, wear masks, hats, etc., operate with such tools as sterile saplings, select suitable dressings based on the healing of the incision and promote good healing of the incision.
Drainage care:
(b) Proper fixation and smooth flow: for patients who leave a diversion tube after the operation, ensure that it is secure and secure to prevent its movement and release, while keeping the flow pipe open, avoiding congestion resulting in a lack of flow, causing local sap fluid to breed bacteria and cause infection, and regularly observe and record the volume, colour, nature, etc. of the fluid.
In due course: Based on the patient ‘ s state of recovery, the timely removal of the trachea upon compliance with the instructions reduces the risk of infection caused by the prolonged retention of the trough, such as when the fluid is significantly reduced and of a normal nature.
Environmental management of wards:
Maintenance of hygiene: Every day, the ward is cleaned, ventilated, the air is fresh, the surface of objects in the ward is regularly disinfected, such as beds, nightstands, etc., the number of bacteria, viruses and other pathogens in the ward is reduced and a good recovery environment is created for patients.
Segregation protection (if needed): In cases of special infections or low immune capacity, appropriate isolation measures, such as single isolation, exposure isolation, etc., may be taken to prevent the occurrence of cross-infection.
In general, the prevention of infection during a surgical period requires a multi-pronged approach, in which health-care providers, patients and their families work together to ensure that preventive measures are strictly implemented in order to minimize the incidence of infection and to ensure the safety and well-being of surgical patients.
