Introduction
Mushrooms have a special place in the agricultural industry and in people ‘ s lives as an important food and medicinal fungus. However, the infection of the mushroom virus seriously affects the production and quality of the mushrooms, causing huge economic losses to the mushroom farmers. Basic health-care institutions play a non-negligible role in the response to mushroom virus infection, and they safeguard the health of the mushroom industry through scientific diagnostics and treatment.
Overview of mushroom virus infections
The variety of mushroom viruses varies from one virus to another in terms of the symptoms of infection, the mode of transmission and the effects on mushroom growth and development. Common infectious symptoms include slow growth of the fungus, malformations, stunting of the nuclei, such as small, thinning, deformation, thinness or bending. The virus is transmitted mainly through bacterial poisons, exposure to transmission (e.g. tools, personnel handling), insect vectors, etc. In primary medical practice, knowledge of these transmission pathways is essential for the prevention and control of viral infections. For example, in the stock procurement chain, the introduction of toxic species is prevented; in mushroom house management, the behaviour of operators is regulated to avoid cross-infection.
III. The role of primary health-care institutions in the diagnosis of mushroom virus infections
(i) Symptoms observation
Basic medical personnel closely observe the morphological characteristics of mushrooms ‘ fungus and sub-entities through regular visits to the mushroom rooms. For myceloids, attention is paid to changes in their growth rate, colour and texture. For example, healthy fungus filaments of mushrooms are usually white, coarse and evenly grown, while infection of the virus can lead to yellow, atrophy, etc. In the case of sub-entity, attention is paid to the abnormalities of the bacterium lid and the bacterium bacterium, such as the presence of water stain spots, irregular diagnosing, etc., which are all possible symptoms of viral infection. This experience- and long-term observation-based diagnosis of symptoms, while more based, is an important means of rapid detection in primary medical practice.
(ii) Laboratory testing aids
In some of the basic health-care facilities where conditions exist, simple laboratory testing equipment can be provided. For example, through electron microscope observations, the form of viral particles can be seen directly, thus determining the type of virus. Serometric tests, such as ELISA, can also be used to detect the presence of virus-specific antibodies in mushroom tissues, and then to determine if the virus is infected. While these tests may be limited at the grass-roots level by equipment and technicians, rational use can improve the accuracy of the diagnosis.
IV. Science-based strategies for the treatment of mushroom virus infections
(i) Segregation and decontamination
In the event of the discovery of an infected mushroom, it should be isolated from healthy mushrooms in time to prevent further transmission of the virus. – Comprehensive sterilization of mushrooms, planting tools, etc. Chemical disinfectants such as peroxyacetic acid and sodium hypochlorate can be sprayed or impregnated at appropriate concentrations. For mushroom room space, possible viruses in the air can be eliminated using physical methods such as ultraviolet radiation or ozone disinfection. In the process of disinfection, care is taken to be safe and to avoid the damage caused by disinfectants to mushrooms and operators.
(ii) Adjustment of cultivation environmental conditions
Appropriate adjustment of environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity and ventilation of mushroom houses. Generally, keeping the appropriate temperature and humidity range increases the resistance of mushrooms themselves. For example, for most eating mushrooms, temperature is at 15 – 25°C and humidity is at 80 – 90%. Good ventilation reduces air moisture in mushroom houses and reduces the chances of viruses growing while providing adequate oxygen for mushroom growth. In addition, the adjustment of light conditions to avoid a direct and strong light would also contribute to the recovery of mushrooms.
(iii) Use of antivirals (to the extent permitted)
In some countries and regions, licensed antivirals can be used for the treatment of mushroom virus infections. These agents are used strictly in accordance with the dose and method of the instructions. For example, some plant-based antivirals can reduce the symptoms of infection by inhibiting the replication of the virus. In the course of use, care should be taken of the effects of the agent on the quality of mushrooms and to avoid over-standarding of drug residues.
(iv) Nutritional supplementation and biological control
Supplementary nutrients such as an appropriate increase in the availability of organic fertilizers, trace elements, etc., for mushrooms infected with the virus can increase their vitality and resilience. At the same time, beneficial microorganisms can be used for biological control. For example, some useful micro-organisms, such as sprouts and fungus, can compete with the virus for space and nutrition, and may also be able to transmit anti-virus substances and inhibit the activity of the virus.
Measures to prevent re-infection of the mushroom virus
(i) Strengthening fungi management
(c) Establish a rigorous screening and detection system for bacterial species to ensure that the bacteria introduced and used are virus-free. The bacteria are tested on a regular basis to ensure a clean environment and to prevent the contamination of the virus during its expansion.
(ii) Personnel training and management
Specialized training is provided to mushroom-house operators on the knowledge of mushroom virus infections and methods of prevention and control. Standardised operating procedures, such as changing work clothes, disinfecting hands, etc., before entering the mushroom room. At the same time, the management of imported persons entering the mushroom house is being strengthened to prevent them from bringing the virus into the room.
(iii) Environmental maintenance of mushrooms
Keep the mushroom house clean and clean, and regularly clean up the mushrooms, waste, etc. in the mushroom house to reduce the number of sites where the virus breeds. The environment surrounding the mushroom house is treated to avoid weeding and to prevent the growth of virus vectors such as insects.
Conclusions
Basic medical institutions play a key role in the scientific treatment of mushroom virus infections. Accurate diagnosis, sound treatment strategies and effective preventive measures can control to some extent the spread of mushroom virus infection, reduce economic losses and guarantee sustainable development of the mushroom industry. In the future, as science and technology continue to advance, the skills and capabilities of grass-roots health-care institutions in the prevention and treatment of mushrooms virus need to be upgraded to better respond to the changing threat of the virus. At the same time, there is a need to strengthen cooperation with scientific institutions to apply the latest research findings to primary medical practice and to provide stronger support to the mushroom-growing industry.
