Introduction
Influenza is a common and highly contagious acute respiratory disease that can spread rapidly and cause serious health problems among the population, especially during the high-prevalence influenza season, where primary health-care facilities face a large number of cases of influenza. The scientific and rational use of anti-virus drugs is a key element in the effective treatment of influenza and the reduction of disease hazards, and primary health-care workers must be skilled in knowledge and skills to safeguard the health rights and interests of patients.
II. Characteristics of influenza and the importance of antiretroviral treatment
Characteristics of influenza
– Influenza is caused by influenza viruses, which have a high degree of variability and can be divided into types A, B and C, among which influenza A viruses are highly variable, often leading to a global pandemic. The incubation period of influenza is short, usually between 1 and 7 days, with a sudden onset of disease, with patients often displaying all-body symptoms such as heat, headache, inefficiency, muscular acid pain, cough, ingesting, etc., which can be combined with pneumonia, respiratory failure, heartitis, etc., and even life-threatening.
2. Importance of antiretroviral treatment
– Unlike common flu, where the influenza virus has a rapid and severe disease, antiretroviral treatment can significantly reduce the pathology, reduce symptoms and reduce the incidence of complications. The early use of effective anti-viral drugs can inhibit the replicability of the virus in the body and reduce the damage to the tissue of the virus, especially for high-risk groups such as the elderly, children, pregnant women, persons suffering from chronic basic diseases, etc., and timely antiretroviral treatment is an important means of reducing the risk of serious illness and death.
III. Types and mechanisms of functioning of commonly used antiretroviral drugs
1. Neural aminoase inhibitors
– On behalf of drugs are Ostawe, Zanamwe, etc. The mechanism of these drugs is to reduce the spread of the virus in the body by inhibiting neurosamate activity on the surface of the influenza virus and preventing its release from infected cells. Ostawe, a widely used oral influenza anti-influenza drug currently used in primary health-care facilities, has better effects on influenza A and B and is more effective within 48 hours of the outbreak. Zanamive is an inhaled drug that can directly affect parts of the respiratory tract, but the methods used are relatively complex and may not be readily acceptable to some patients.
M2 Ion tunnel retardants
– Drugs of this type, for example, are active in the M2 ion channel of the influenza A virus, inhibiting the hull of the virus and thus acting as anti-virus. However, owing to the rapid increase in the resistance of the influenza A virus in recent years, its clinical application has been significantly limited and the frequency of its use in primary health-care facilities has gradually decreased.
IV. Principles and approaches to the use of antiviral drugs in primary health-care institutions
Accurate diagnosis
– Medical doctors at the grass-roots level should provide detailed information on the history of the disease, including its onset, symptoms, epidemiological history (e.g., if they have been exposed to influenza, if they have recently been to areas with high influenza incidence, etc.). Combining medical and necessary laboratory examinations, such as the influenza virus antigen or nucleic acid tests, for rapid and accurate diagnosis of influenza. To avoid the delay of antiviral treatment due to misdiagnosis as a common cold or overdiagnosis leading to the abuse of antiviral drugs.
2. Reasonable choice of drugs
– The choice of anti-viral drugs is based on the age of the patient, the seriousness of his or her condition, the existence of a basic disease, and a certificate for the adaptation of the drug and a ban on it. For most influenza patients with no complications, Ostawe is the preferred drug. Inhalants may be considered for those who cannot withstand oral drugs or who have difficulty swallowing. In the case of children, the dosage of Ostawe should be calculated strictly on the basis of weight to ensure that it is safe and effective. At the same time, care needs to be taken to adjust the dose for interactions between drugs, such as the combination of Ostave and other drugs, which may affect their metabolism.
3. Timing of medication
– Antiviral treatment should be initiated as soon as possible within 48 hours of the onset of the disease, especially for patients with more serious symptoms and high risk factors. Antiviral treatment is still beneficial for patients with an aggravated condition, even if the incidence exceeds 48 hours. Primary doctors should emphasize the importance of early treatment to patients and their families and increase patient dependence.
4. Normative treatment management
– The course of treatment for anti-viral drugs, such as Ostawe, is usually five days, and may be extended as appropriate in cases of serious illness or complications. Medical doctors at the grass-roots level should strictly comply with the prescribed procedures, so as to avoid relapses due to inadequate treatment processes leading to incomplete virus removal, or to increase the risk of adverse drug response due to excessive treatment. In the course of treatment, the patient ‘ s symptoms are closely monitored for improvement and the treatment programme is adjusted in a timely manner in the light of changing conditions.
5. Monitoring of adverse effects
– Antiviral drugs may have some adverse effects during their use. For example, the most common adverse effects in Ostaway are gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain, and a few patients may have rashes, neuropsychiatric symptoms, etc. Medical doctors at the grass-roots level should inform patients of possible adverse effects, closely observe them during the course of their use and, if the adverse effects are detected, assess their severity in a timely manner and take appropriate treatment measures, such as adjusting the dose of the drug, cutting off the drug or treating the disease.
V. Antiviral drug use by specific population groups
1. Children
– Children are a high-prevalence group of influenza, and their condition is changing faster because their immune system is not fully developed. In the use of antivirals, particular attention should be paid to the accuracy of the dose. Ostawe has a special child-type and is recommended at a specific dose, depending on age and weight. In the case of children with disabilities, attention should also be paid to the taste of drugs, the choice of child-friendly formulations to the extent possible and the increased dependence on medication. At the same time, there is a need to strengthen post-pharmaceutical observation of children and to identify and address possible adverse reactions in a timely manner.
2. Older persons
– Older persons are often associated with a number of chronic underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, lung diseases, etc., and are prone to complications and severe conditions following influenza. In the use of anti-viral drugs, the dose of the drug should be adjusted as appropriate, taking into account the reduction in the liver and kidney function of the elderly. Close monitoring of the effects of drugs on basic diseases, such as the possible interaction of Ostawe with certain medicines for cardiovascular diseases, requires careful joint use.
3. Pregnant and nursing women
– Pregnant women are at greater risk to themselves and their foetus as a result of influenza, and Ostawe is relatively safe to use during pregnancy, especially during the flu pandemic season, and should be provided with timely antiretroviral treatment for pregnant women suspected or diagnosed with influenza. When breast-feeding women use Ostawe, although the level of medication in milk is low, it is recommended that breastfeeding be suspended during the time of taking medication in order to reduce the potential impact on infants.
VI. Education and prevention of the use of antiretroviral drugs
1. Patient education
– When developing anti-viral drugs for patients, primary health-care institutions should provide patients and their families with detailed instructions on the use of drugs, including how they are administered, dosages, treatment programmes, adverse reactions and care. The patient is advised to take care of self-care measures such as rest, drinking water and indoor air flow during treatment, and to avoid travelling to densely populated sites to prevent the transmission of the virus.
2. Preventive medicine
– Preventive use of antivirals may be considered for persons in close contact with influenza or for high-risk groups in influenza outbreak units. However, preventive medicines should be strictly documented and generally not recommended for universal use. For example, in the case of influenza family concentrations, a high-risk family member who has not suffered from a disease may be given preventive treatment at Ostave under the direction of a doctor, but the treatment should not be too long, usually for 7 – 14 days, while closely observing the occurrence of adverse reactions and influenza symptoms.
Conclusion
Basic health-care facilities play a vital role in the fight against influenza, and the sound use of anti-virus drugs in science is a central part of improving the effectiveness of influenza treatment and safeguarding the health of patients. Basic health-care workers should constantly strengthen the learning of their expertise and skills, accurately diagnose influenza, adhere to the principles and methods of anti-viral drug use, pay attention to the characteristics of specific population groups, and strengthen patient education and prevention in order to respond effectively to the influenza epidemic, reduce its health hazards to the population at the grass-roots level and provide a solid basis for building grass-roots public health protection networks.
