Sepsis: whole-body infection crisis

Sepsis is a serious and potentially life-threatening whole-body infectious disease, which is not a single organ or tissue pathogen, but a series of acute immune reactions and pathological changes throughout the body caused by the intrusion of pathogens and their toxins into blood flows. The reason for sepsis is mainly the infection of various pathogenic microorganisms. Bacteria infections are most common, e.g., yellow grapes, coli, pneumococcus, etc. There are many ways in which these bacteria enter the human blood cycle. Skin and mucous membranes are the first line of defence for the human body, but when the skin is broken, such as burns, trauma wounds are not properly treated in a timely manner, bacteria are easily taken advantage of. For example, a patient suffering from a severe car accident resulting in extensive skin bruises is highly likely to suffer from septicaemia if the wound is exposed to an environment that is too long and does not provide thorough trauma and anti-infection treatment. Respiratory infections are also an important cause of sepsis. Pandemic influenza, such as that caused by influenza viruses, can be followed by bacterial infections when the patient ‘ s resistance is reduced and bacteria break through the respiratory mucous barrier into blood. Gastrointestinal tract infections are also not negligible, and certain pathogenic coliforms, such as salmonella, can enter the blood cycle through intestinal mucous membranes due to food poisoning or intestinal infections. In addition, if infection with the urology system is not effectively controlled, bacteria can move into blood to cause sepsis. For example, patients who have long-term holding of a catheter can easily breed bacteria and lead to infections in the urology system if the catheter is not properly cared for, thus risking sepsis. When pathogens enter the blood, the body immune system quickly activates the defensive mechanism. Motivated particle cells gather in large numbers into the infection in an attempt to devour and kill pathogens. However, in sepsis, pathogens breed in large numbers and release toxins, which cause extensive damage to the organism. On the one hand, toxins can directly damage vascular inner-skin cells, thus increasing the permeability of the veins, resulting in the penetration of liquid components in blood into the inter-organizational gap, leading to a reduction in tissue oedema and effective circulation of blood. On the other hand, toxins can also stimulate a range of inflammable media such as tumour causes of death, white media, etc. These inflammation media are released in waterfall form, further exacerbating the vascular skin damage, causing a general vascular expansion and a decrease in blood pressure, leading to shock. This sepsis-induced shock, referred to as infectious shock, is one of the most serious complications of sepsis, with high mortality rates. The clinical manifestations of sepsis are complex and diverse, and are usually serious. Patients can experience high heat, with a temperature of up to 39°C or higher, and the fever is continuous or heated, i.e., with high temperature fluctuations. Cold warfare is also more common, as it is a stress in the early stages of the infection, indicating that the immune system is confronting the pathogen in a violent manner. As the condition progresses, the patient suffers from symptoms such as general discomfort, lack of strength and muscular acid problems, which are associated with the overall inflammation response of the infection. In addition to the systemic symptoms described above, many organs are also affected. In the cardiovascular system, in addition to the possibility of infective shock, heart disorders, such as hypervelocity, early pace, etc., can seriously affect heart function. Respiratory stress can be accompanied by acute respiratory distress and even development into acute respiratory distress syndrome (acuteiseasymptom, ARDS), and patients can suffer from severe hypoxiaemia and need to rely on mechanical ventilation to maintain respiratory function. Symptoms of the digestive system include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhoea, which, if serious, can lead to gastrointestinal mucous haemorrhage and necrosis, leading to vomiting and black defecation. Hepatic function is also impaired in the form of yellow blubber, i.e. yellowing of skin and gills, and hepatic functional examination shows abnormal indicators such as ammonium enzymes and cholesterol rise. The kidney function damage can lead to a rise in haemocelline acetic anhydride and urea nitrogen, with patients having little or no urine and severe cases developing into acute kidney failure. Symptoms of the nervous system include headaches, dizziness, cognitive disorders, irritation, sleep addiction and even coma, as a result of the direct injury to the centre of the toxin, and the combined effects of a lack of brain infusion due to shock. The diagnosis of sepsis requires a comprehensive and multifaceted basis. The first is a detailed inquiry into the history of recent infections, such as skin infections, respiratory infections, urinary infections, and the chronic use of immunosuppressants, diabetes mellitus, malignant neoplasms, etc., which can lead to low immune functions. During the medical examination, the physician takes care to observe if the patient has signs of mucous skin haemorrhage, yellow sluice, hepatic spleen, etc., and to monitor the vital signs of the patient, including body temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, etc. Laboratory examinations play a key role in the diagnosis of sepsis. Regular blood tests usually show a significant increase in white cell count and an increase in the proportion of meso-particle cells, i.e., an increase in the number of pole-shaped particles in the outer rim, which indicates an increase in bone marrow blood function and the large release of premature meso-particle cells in order to combat infection, leading to a nuclear left shift. Blood specimens are collected before the patient uses antibiotics to prepare for positive development, which is an important basis for the diagnosis of sepsis. A sepsis can be clearly diagnosed if the bacteria are detected through blood culture, and more effective treatment with sensitive antibiotics can be selected based on the results of drug-sensitive tests. In addition, there are other relevant tests, such as C-reacting proteins for sepsis patients and a significant increase in calcium precipitation, the monitoring of which facilitates early diagnosis and disease monitoring. The key to treating sepsis is timely and effective anti-infection treatment and active management of complications. If sepsis is suspected or diagnosed, it should be empirically selected for treatment with broad spectrum, strong antibiotics to cover potential pathogenic microorganisms. After the results of the blood culture and drug sensitivity tests are obtained, they are adjusted to sensitive antibiotics to ensure precision treatment. Antibiotics are used at sufficient doses, usually for longer sessions, typically for 2 – 3 weeks or even longer, to completely remove the pathogens from the blood. In the case of patients with infectious shock, liquid recovery is needed to effectively replenish circulatory blood levels and to correct the state of shock. A choice may be made to use crystal fluids, such as physico-saline or lactation liquefie, with appropriate reductive adhesives, such as protein. At the same time, dopamine and deetrenalin are used to maintain blood pressure and to improve the injection of vital organs. In this process, indicators such as vital signs, urine, central intravenous pressure of the patient must be closely monitored in order to assess the effectiveness of the treatment and adjust the treatment programme in a timely manner. At the same time, there is a need for targeted treatment of organ system complications. For example, mechanical respiratory failure; for patients with impaired liver function, hepatic care may be used; for patients with renal failure, such as haemodiarrhea or diarrhea, a renal replacement is required. Nutritional support treatment is also very important, as sepsis patients are in a state of high metabolism and need to be provided with sufficient nutrients, such as calories, proteins and vitamins, to increase their resilience and promote rehabilitation. The prognosis of sepsis is related to a number of factors. The factors that will influence the prognosis are mainly the age of the patient and his or her physical condition. Young patients with good basic health and access to effective treatment at an early stage are expected to be relatively good, while older patients, patients with low immune capacity or multiple chronic diseases, and patients with undiagnosed treatments tend to be poor and have higher mortality rates. In short, sepsis is a very serious, systemic, infectious disease, which is like a storm that ravages the body and causes extensive and serious damage to the organs and systems of the human body. Raising awareness of sepsis, strengthening preventive measures, such as the timely treatment of wounds, prevention of infection, increased body immunity, and early diagnosis and active and effective treatment, can reduce sepsis morbidity and mortality and guarantee the health of the sick person. Today, as medicine evolves, we still need to continue to explore and study better diagnostic methods and treatment strategies to meet this daunting medical challenge.