Oral facial surgery involves a wide range of pathological treatments for the oral, cheek and face, ranging from simple tooth extraction to complex facial tumour removal and orthotic surgery. Because of the special part of the operation and the complex structure of the anatomy, the right choice of the anesthesia method is essential for the smooth operation, the patient ‘ s safety and post-operative recovery.
I. Characteristics of oral facial surgery and requirements for anesthesia:
(i) The areas in which the surgical parts and the anatomical structure of the cavity include the oral, nasal, nasal, cavity, cheekbones, soft facial tissue, etc. The region is rich in neurovascular and closely connected to the respiratory tract. The operation, which may involve internal oral operations, hysterectomy, etc., can affect the flow of airways and cause haemorrhage, which requires both anaesthesia to ensure the safety of the airway and effective control of haemorrhage.
(ii) The types of surgery range from simple dental trough surgery (e.g. extraction of teeth) to complex large-scale operations, which require different levels of anesthesia, time and pain. For example, the removal of teeth may require only local insulation or neurodeficiency anaesthesia, while large-scale acoustic tumour re-establishment requires better anaesthesia programmes.
II. Common anaesthesia patterns and characteristics
(i) Local anaesthesia 1. Local anaesthesia: Injection of impregnated drugs into the regional organization for surgery to retard the nerve end. It applies to minor operations such as single tooth removal. The advantage is that it is simple to operate and has little overall impact; the disadvantage is that the extent of anaesthesia is limited and the pain is inadequate for complex operations. 2. Neuro-depressive anaesthesia: Interrupting neuro-suppressive conduction by injecting impregnated drugs into the vicinity of a nervous dry. For example, neurological retardation in the lower cavity is used to remove or operate in the lower cavity. This method of anaesthesia provides a wider range of anaesthesia areas, but requires accurate anatomic location, which may otherwise lead to poor anaesthesia or complications.
1. Inhalation of anesthesia: Drugs commonly used, such as heptafluorones. Inhalation of anaesthesia gas into the blood cycle through the respiratory tract functions. The advantage is to induce and awaken quickly and to control the depth of the anaesthesia by regulating inhalation concentrations; the disadvantage is that there may be adverse reactions such as respiratory irritation, vomiting, and the need for special anaesthesia equipment. 2. Intravenous anesthesia: including drugs such as propol. It works fast through intravenous injection. It applies to short-surgery or as an induction part of the whole body anesthesia. The advantages are simplicity of operation, non-respiratory irritation; the disadvantages are that respiratory inhibition, injection pain, and drug metabolism is affected by liver and kidney function. 3. Insorption complex anaesthesia: combined with the advantages of intravenous anesthesia and inhalation anaesthesia, the depth of anaesthesia and maintenance can be adapted flexibly to the needs of the operation, and is widely used for large and long oral facial surgery.
III. Considerations for the choice of anaesthesia
(i) Patient factor 1. Age: Children may have poor drug tolerance, need to adjust the dose to age and choose the appropriate anesthesia. For example, the extraction of a child’s teeth can be combined with local anesthesia under appropriate calm, while older patients are often associated with a variety of underlying diseases, with higher safety requirements for an anaesthesia and a choice of anaesthesia, such as an integrated assessment of the CPR function. 2. Physical condition: The patient ‘ s overall state of health, such as the availability of cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases and incomplete liver and kidney functions, can affect the choice of anaesthesia.
(ii) Surgery factor 1. Type and complexity of the operation: a simple oral microsurgery allows for the choice of a local anesthesia, while a complex formal surgery or tumour tumour treatment requires a full anesthesia. The length of the operation is also taken into account, as long-term operations generally opt for full-body or long-acting local anesthesia. 2. Surgery levels: Certain oral abrasives may require special levels, such as hierarchies, which pose challenges to the management of the aerobic tract, and the need for greater care in the management of the aerobics in the whole body. (iii) The experience of anaesthetists and the professional skills and experience of anaesthetists in hospital conditions play an important role in the choice of anaesthesia. Doctors who are familiar with some kind of anesthesia are better placed to carry out the corresponding anesthesia. At the same time, hospital anaesthesia equipment, monitoring conditions, etc. may restrict or support certain anaesthesia methods.
IV. Special problems in the management of narcotic drugs and their treatment
(i) Aerophagus management artery is susceptible to air-traffic interdiction, missorption and so forth, due to proximity to the airway. In case of a general anaesthesia, the appropriate pneumatic intubation method, such as a nasal intubation or a special catheter for oral facial surgery, shall be selected. For people with difficult airways, there must be a plan, such as fibre bronchial catheters.
(ii) Hemorrhage and bleeding in the area of the operation could affect the vision of the operation and the safety of the patient. Hemorrhage can be reduced during anaesthesia by means of controlled pressure-relief techniques, but attention should be paid to the control of blood pressure and to the avoidance of ischaemic organs. At the same time, hemorrhage is handled in a timely manner in close cooperation with the surgeon.
