Paediatric bronchitis is one of the most common respiratory diseases in childhood, manifested mainly in acute or chronic inflammation of bronchial mucous film. The disease often occurs during autumn and winter holidays and in times of climate change, often caused by infection or other incentives. Children are more vulnerable to pathogen attacks because their respiratory system is not fully developed and their immune function is weak. This paper will elaborate on the causes, classification and treatment of paediatric bronchitis.
I. Causes of childhood bronchitis
The incidence of childhood bronchitis is associated with a number of factors, including primarily infectious and non-infective factors.
(i) Infectious factors
The main cause of childhood bronchitis is infection, with common pathogens including:
1. Virus infection:
The virus is the most common cause of childhood bronchitis, accounting for over 80 per cent of cases. Common viruses include respiratory combination virus (RSV), influenza virus, sub-influenza virus, gland virus and nose virus.
Virus infections can directly damage bronchial mucous membranes and reduce local immune functions to create conditions for secondary bacterial infections.
Bacteriological infections:
Common fungs include pneumococcus, haemophilus influenzae, yellow grapes and pertussis.
Bacteria infections are usually followed by viral infections, leading to increased conditions.
3. Secondary and chlamydia infections:
Secondary and chlamydia infections are more common among school-age children and often cause more persistent coughing.
(ii) Non-infective factors
1. Allergies:
Exposure to allergies, such as dust mites, pollen, and animal crumbs, can cause bronchitis, especially among allergic children.
Physical and chemical irritation:
Inhalation of cold air, smoke, dust or irritating gases (e.g., second-hand smoke) can lead to bronchial mucculitis.
3. Immunisation deficiencies:
Children with lower levels of immunity are more vulnerable to pathogen attacks, leading to repeated bronchitis.
4. Environmental factors:
Air pollution, crowded living environments and climate change can all increase the risk of bronchitis.
Classification of childhood bronchitis
Paediatric bronchitis can be divided into the following categories, depending on the course and cause of the disease:
(i) Acute bronchitis
Acute bronchitis is acute bronchial mucous inflammation caused by viruses or bacterial infections, usually lasting 1-3 weeks. The main manifestations are cough, cough, fever and respiratory symptoms.
(ii) Chronic bronchitis
Chronic bronchitis refers to coughing, coughing and coughing that lasts more than three months and has an outbreak for more than two years. Most are found in children who are repeatedly infected or chronically exposed to irritant environments.
(iii) Allergy bronchitis
Sensitivity bronchitis is bronchitis caused by allergies, often associated with asthma, and has some relevance.
(iv) Coarse bronchitis
Bneumonia is a common bronchitis type among infants and young children, mainly caused by respiratory infections, manifested in asthma, respiratory difficulties and low oxygen haemorrhage.
III. Treatment of paediatric bronchitis
The treatment of paediatric bronchitis should be based on the cause of the disease, its severity and the individual circumstances of the child. The treatment aims to mitigate symptoms, remove pathogens, improve respiratory function and prevent complications.
(i) General treatment
Rest and care:
Patients should be given appropriate rest and avoid intense activity to reduce energy consumption.
Keep indoor air fresh and wet to avoid exposure to smoke and other irritant gases.
2. Catering:
High-calorie, high-protein, digestive diets are provided, drinking water is encouraged for diluting sluice and drainage is promoted.
3. Bit flow:
Promote the discharge of aqueous fluids by changing body positions (e.g., heights of head down feet) to mitigate respiratory congestion.
(ii) Drug treatment
1. Antiviral treatment:
For bronchitis caused by viral infections, specific antiviral drugs are usually not needed, but for influenza virus infections, antiviral drugs such as Ostave can be used.
Antibiotic treatment:
Antibiotics apply only to cases of bacterial infections or secondary bacterial infections, and commonly used drugs include amoxicillin, headgillactin, or large ringed esters (e.g., Achicillin).
Every effort should be made to conduct pathogen tests before using antibiotics to avoid their misuse.
3. Oxygen and cough medicine:
Pyramids (e.g. ammonium bromine, acetyl centicarine) can dilute and promote desiccation.
Accelerants (e.g., right-meal saffins) apply only to those who have a severe effect on their sleep or quality of life by dry cough, but are used with caution to avoid inhibition of their oscillation.
4. bronchial expansion agents:
A bronchial expansion agent (e.g. salbutamol) can be used to mitigate aerobic convulsions for children with asthma.
5. Sugar cortex hormones:
For children suffering from allergy bronchitis or severe asthma, sugar-coated hormones (e.g., inhaled by Bodinaid) can be used for short periods of time to mitigate respiratory inflammation.
(iii) Physical therapy
Fuzzy inhalation:
Inhalation by mist treats humid airways, diluted aqueous fluids and directs the drugs to the gas lanes, which are commonly used in the form of saline water, bronchial expansion agents and sugary cortex hormones.
2. Back-to-back chops:
Promotion of sapling discharge through light patting of the child ‘ s back, and improvement of air flow.
(iv) Treatment of serious cases
1. Oxygen therapy:
Oxygen-based treatment should be provided for children with low-oxygen haematosis, using high-flow nose catheters or mechanical ventilation when necessary.
2. Animation:
For children suffering from dehydration or food difficulties, the hydrolysis balance can be maintained through intravenous rehydration.
3. Hospitalization:
Children with serious or combined complications (e.g. pneumonia, respiratory failure) should be hospitalized in a timely manner.
IV. Prevention of childhood bronchitis
Prevention of paediatric bronchitis should begin with reduction of infection, improvement of the environment and increased immunity.
(i) Reduction of infection
Vaccination: timely vaccination against influenza, pneumonia and pertussis can effectively prevent related infectious diseases.
2. Avoiding cross-infection: Reduced exposure of children to infected persons, especially during the high influenza season.
(ii) Improved environment
1. Air clean: periodic ventilation to avoid indoor air pollution.
2. Avoiding irritating substances: stay away from smoke, dust and other irritating gases, especially second-hand smoke.
(iii) Increased immunity
1. A reasonable diet: provide balanced nutrition and increase the resilience of infected children.
2. Appropriate exercise: encouraging appropriate levels of outdoor activity and physical improvement of children.
3. Warming: Take care to keep warm during cold seasons and avoid cooling.
Concluding remarks
Paediatric bronchitis is a common childhood respiratory disease with complex causes and diverse symptoms. Through reasonable means of treatment, such as medication, physiotherapy and support treatment, most children are well prepared. At the same time, increased preventive measures, such as vaccination, environmental improvements and increased immunity, can effectively reduce the incidence of childhood bronchitis. Health-care providers and parents should closely monitor changes in the condition of their children and take timely interventions to ensure their healthy development.
Little bronchitis.
