Introduction
Polling is a more serious and worrying symptom that may presage many different health problems within the body. When there is vomiting of blood, it is not only the patients themselves who are frightened, but their families are often overwhelmed. Knowledge about the vomiting of blood and the correct response are essential to address this emergency in a timely manner and to safeguard the life and health of patients. The purpose of this paper is to provide comprehensive and practical general guidance to the general public on the causes of haemorrhage, related manifestations, initial treatment measures and subsequent diagnosis and treatment.
II. Definition and expression of vomiting
(i) Definitions
Nasty blood refers to haemorrhage in the upper digestive tract (including oesophagus, stomach, 12-finger intestine, empty intestine after gastrointestinal accretion, pancreas, chords, etc.) and through the mouth. Generally, the blood colours of vomiting can vary depending on the amount of haemorrhage and the length of time spent in the stomach.
(ii) Performance
Color of vomiting blood
– When haemorrhage is high and the rate of haemorrhage is relatively high, the blood stays in the stomach for a relatively short period, and the blood vomited is usually fresh or dark, possibly accompanied by blood clots. This is because the blood can’t be fully mixed with stomach acid and so forth.
– If haemorrhage is relatively low and the rate of haemorrhage is slow, the blood stays in the stomach for longer periods, and the haemoglobin is acidized after the effect of the stomach acid, at which point the blood colours can be brown or brown, similar to those of the caffeine. This is due to chemical changes in blood caused by stomach acid.
2. Symptoms
– In addition to the vomiting itself, patients often have other symptoms. For example, abdominal pain, the extent and nature of which depends on the cause of haemorrhage. For example, stomach ulcer-induced vomiting may be accompanied by cyclical and rhythmic pain in the upper abdomen, most of which occurs during a period of time after feeding, and an abdominal abdominal pain in the upper abdominal abdominal pain, i.e. when the abdominal abdominal pain is apparent and when eating, is mitigated.
– Disgusting and vomiting are also common symptoms, often preceded by a nauseous feeling before vomiting, followed by vomiting of blood or coffee slag.
– Some patients may also suffer from symptoms of dizziness, panic and lack of capacity due to haemorrhagic anaemia and insufficient blood capacity. Life-threatening situations such as fainting and shock may even occur in serious cases, especially when haemorrhage is high and the rate of haemorrhage is high.
III. Common causes of vomiting
(i) Diseases of the digestive system
1. Stomach ulcer
The stomach ulcer is a chronic ulcer formed by stomach mucous membranes digested by stomach acid and stomach proteinase. When ulcer is eroded to the stomach wall, it can cause haemorrhage, which in turn causes vomiting. In such cases, the patient may have a normal history of abdominal pain, which has a certain regularity, such as pain after eating.
2.12 Finger ulcer
The ulcer is also formed by the digestive effect of acidic gastric fluid on the membrane. Hemorrhage is one of the most common complications, which causes vomiting when the ulcer penetrates the intestinal wall vessels. Patients are often accompanied by abdominal abdominal abdominal pain, i.e. when the abdominal pain is increased and when eating, it is mitigated.
3. Diarrhea of the edible stomach
This is mainly due to the high pressure of the door veins due to various causes. Often in cases of cirrhosis of the liver, the high pressure of the frontal veins causes the edible larvae to bleed and expand, and these curved vein walls are thin and prone to fractured bleeding, which, if broken, tends to result in high levels of haemorrhage, which can lead to serious vomiting or even endanger life.
4. Acute stomach mucous disease
There are a number of factors that can cause acute changes in the stomach mucous membranes, such as high alcohol consumption, the use of inflammable anti-inflammation drugs (e.g., aspirin, brofen, etc.), severe stress (e.g., large-scale burns, brain damage, surgery, etc.). These factors can damage the gastric mucous membranes, which can cause haemorrhage and, consequently, vomiting.
5. Stomach cancer
At a certain stage in the development of stomach cancer, tumour tissues can attack the stomach-wall vessels, causing a blood transfusion and vomiting. In addition to the vomiting of blood, the patient may have symptoms such as a lack of appetite, reduced weight and upper abdominal swelling.
(ii) All-body diseases
Diseases of the blood system
Certain diseases of the blood system also lead to vomiting. For example, the slabs reduce the number of slabs in patients, the number of slabs is reduced, the coagulation function is impaired and haemorrhage, including haemorrhage from upper digestive tracts, is prone. Persons with leukaemia have an abnormal increase in white cells due to abnormal bone marrow blood function, which may also affect the formation of slabs and coagulation factors, leading to an increase in haemorrhage and possibly to vomiting.
2. Urine poisoning
The end-stage manifestation of chronic kidney failure is urea. During the urea phase, the accumulation of metabolic waste and toxins in the body can cause damage to the gastrointestinal mucous membranes, causing haemorrhage in the gastric mucous membranes, which in turn leads to vomiting. The patient is accompanied by other symptoms of kidney failure, such as edema, less or no urine.
IV. PRELIMINARY MEASURES AT THE TIME OF BREAKMENT
(i) Stay calm
When a person is found to be vomiting blood, both the patient himself and the people around him, the first thing to do is to stay calm. Frightenedness not only does not help to solve the problem, but may lead to increased stress and disease. Every effort should be made to calm and relax patients, as stress may lead to higher blood pressure and further increase haemorrhage.
(ii) Correct position
Let the patient immediately take a side-bed and head-side. The purpose of this is to prevent the misinhalation of vomiting blood from causing asphyxiation. Asphyxiation is a very dangerous complication in the process of vomiting blood, and if blood is clogged, it can prevent the patient from breathing and endangers life. The maintenance of a side plaster allows the vomiting of blood to flow smoothly into the exit cavity and avoids entry into the respiratory tract.
(iii) Water fasting
During the period of vomiting, patients should be given a fasting of water. The haemorrhage is further exacerbated by the fact that food or water can stimulate the gastrointestinal tract. When the haemorrhage ceases, the doctor guides the patient as to when he or she can start eating and drinking water, usually starting with a small drop, and gradually moving to a half-stream and universal diet.
(iv) Observation
The patient ‘ s condition is closely monitored while waiting for the first aid worker to arrive or be taken to hospital. The main observations are as follows:
Frequency and amount of vomiting: Recording of the time interval for each vomiting and the approximate amount of vomiting. If the frequency of vomiting increases and the amount of haemorrhage increases, it is necessary to inform the medical staff in a timely manner.
2. Symptoms: Pay attention to whether the patient is suffering from increased symptoms such as dizziness, panic, inactivity, and whether new symptoms such as breathing difficulties, unconsciousness, etc. Changes in these symptoms can also reflect the development of the condition and are of great value to doctors for their diagnosis and treatment.
3. Vital signs: Life signs such as blood pressure, heart rate and body temperature of the patient can be measured if conditions so permit. Generally, haemorrhage leads to a decrease in blood pressure and an increase in heart rate, and in cases of abnormalities, such as low blood pressure and high heart rate, timely measures such as proper first aid treatment or speed of transport to hospitals are observed.
V. Diagnosis and treatment after vomiting
(i) Diagnostics
1. Medical history inquiries
The doctor first asks for details of the patient ‘ s medical history, including whether there is a history of diseases of the digestive system, such as ulcer, ulcer of the stomach, ulcer of the 12-finger intestines etc.; whether there is a history of systemic diseases, such as diseases of the blood system, urine poisoning etc.; and whether there has been a large number of recent cases of alcohol consumption, inflammation, severe stress, etc. A preliminary assessment of the probable cause of the vomiting can be made through a medical history inquiry.
Medical examination
The doctor conducts a full medical examination of the patient, focusing on the abdominal, including the presence of abdominal pain, anal pain and abdominal swelling. At the same time, the vital signs of the patient, such as blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, etc., are examined to understand the overall state of the patient ‘ s health.
Laboratory inspection
– Blood protocol: examination of indicators such as haemoglobin, erythrocyte, white cell, etc., which provides information on the extent of anaemia in patients and whether they are infected. The decline in haemoglobin is common for people with vomiting, reflecting blood-induced anaemia.
– Checking for coagulation: indicators such as coagulation factors and platelets are essential for determining whether the patient ‘ s coagulation function is normal. If condensed blood is dysfunctional, it may be because of, inter alia, diseases of the blood system.
– Screening of the liver and kidney function: the examination of the liver and kidney can provide important evidence for persons suspected of cirrhosis of the liver and of vomiting from general diseases such as urine. The functional state of the liver and kidneys is known by examining indicators such as hepatic enzymes, cholesterol, acetic anhydride and urea nitrogen.
4. Visual inspection
– Stomach lenses: stomach lenses are one of the most direct and effective methods of diagnosing digestive haemorrhage. It is possible to observe the mucous membranes directly from the oesophagus, stomach, 12-finger bowels, etc., and to identify the specific causes of the vomiting. As a general rule, it is more appropriate to have a stomach mirror examination within a short period of time (usually 24 to 48 hours) after the vomiting has stopped.
– Abdominal ultrasound: For patients suspected of having cirrhosis of the liver, high pressure of the door vein, etc., which causes vomiting of the edible larvae, the abdominal ultrasound allows for the observation of organs and blood vessels such as the liver, spleen, door veins, etc., and for the detection of the existence of a cavity hyperpressure and related pathologies.
– CT scan: CT scans can provide more comprehensive information on caesarean anatomic structure and can play an important role in diagnosing conditions such as stomach cancer, ulcers, etc., and in determining whether there is a high level of door veins.
(ii) Treatment
General treatment
– Supplementary blood capacity: due to haemorrhage, there is often a shortage of blood capacity. Therefore, there is a need to replenish blood capacity in a timely manner and to maintain a stable blood pressure and heart rate. It is generally supplemented by intravenous infusion of physiological saline water, glucose solution, blood products (e.g. red cell suspension, plasma, etc.).
– Haemorrhage treatment: different measures are taken for different haemorrhage causes.
– For haemorrhage caused by stomach ulcer, ulcer ulcer, etc., the use of drugs, such as proton pump inhibitors (e.g. Omella, Lansolas, etc.), can inhibit gastric acidization and reduce the erosion of stomach acids on the ulcer surface, thus achieving the end of the bleeding; also, growth hormones can be used to release akin (e.g. ecstasy), which can constrict the veins, reduce the flow of internal blood, and thus stop the bleeding.
– Haemorrhage from edible dysenteral veins can be treated with endoscopy, i.e. subsorption sclerants, ligation, etc. These methods are designed to prevent the bleeding of the veins by having a direct effect on the muscular veins, by hardening them or twitching them. In addition, hemorrhage can be stopped by the use of three-legged cysts, which can be suppressed by the insertion of three-legged cysts into the edibles and the stomach, and by the curvature of the edibles and stomach, respectively.
– With regard to haemorrhage caused by an acute stomach mucous disease, in addition to the associated causes of the disease (e.g., stop drinking alcohol, stop using non-inflammatory drugs, etc.), hemorrhage control measures similar to those for stomach ulcer can be used.
– The haemorrhage caused by general diseases, such as diseases of the blood system, requires treatment for specific diseases, such as the repulsion of the slab, the chemotherapy of leukaemia, and a combination of acoustics.
2. Patient treatment
– Treatment of the original disease, in addition to the treatment of the end of the haemorrhage, is required for the vomiting of blood caused by diseases of the digestive system, such as stomach ulcer, ulcer of the 12-finger intestine. The treatment of gastric ulcer, the ulcer of the mesmopolitan ulcer is usually provided with drugs such as proton pump inhibitors, gastric mucous membranes (e.g., magnesium aluminum, sulphate, etc.) for long-term treatment to promote ulcer healing and prevent recurrence.
– Diseases such as cirrhosis of the liver that lead to diarrhea in the oesophagus, need to be treated for cirrhosis of the liver, such as antiviral treatment (for viral cirrhosis), liver protection, etc., in order to reduce the high pressure of the door vein and reduce the risk of cirrhythmia.
– Aggravated blood from diseases of the blood system, such as reduced luridium, leukaemia, requires in-depth treatment of these diseases, such as the introduction of new treatment methods, adjustment of treatment programmes, etc., to improve the coagulation function and overall health status of patients.
– In the case of vomiting from general diseases, such as urea poisoning, there is a need to treat urea poisoning, such as dialysis treatment, in order to mitigate the damage to gastrointestinal mucous membranes caused by metabolic waste and toxins in the body and to promote the healing of the gastric mucous membranes.
Measures to prevent vomiting
(i) Diseases of the digestive system
Maintaining good eating habits
– The regular ration of food, the prevention of heavy consumption and the maintenance of a balanced and regular diet. This helps to maintain the normal rhythm of the gastrointestinal tract and to reduce the damage to the gastric mucous membranes caused by gastric acidic abnormalities.
– Reduced consumption of spicy, greasy, irritant foods, which tend to stimulate stomach mucous membranes and increase the likelihood of ulcer formation.
– More vitamin-rich foods, such as vegetables and fruit, help to protect gastric mucous membranes and enhance the resistance of the gastrointestinal tract.
2. Reasonable use of medicines
– Avoiding the abuse of inflammatory anti-inflammation drugs, which, if necessary, should be used rationally, under the guidance of a doctor, and take care to observe any adverse effects such as gastrointestinal discomfort. Inflammatory drugs are one of the common causes of acute stomach mucus.
– In cases of diseases with digestive systems, medications such as those for stomach ulcer and ulcer with the 12 intestine ulcer should be maintained at the doctor ‘ s request in order to promote ulcer healing and prevent recurrence.
(ii) In the area of systemic diseases
Diseases of the blood system
– In cases of diseases of the blood system, treatment is provided at the request of a doctor, periodic review is carried out and treatment programmes are adjusted in a timely manner. Effective treatment can reduce haemorrhage and prevent haemorrhage, such as vomiting.
– Care must be taken in life to avoid situations that may lead to physical injury, such as severe physical activity, collisions and so forth, since patients with blood system diseases themselves have poor coagulation and are vulnerable to bleeding from injuries.
2. Urine poisoning
– Active dialysis, etc., for patients with urea poisoning, to maintain the basic function of the kidney and to reduce the damage caused to gastrointestinal mucous membranes by metabolic waste and toxins in the body.
– With regard to diet, the principle of diet with low salt, low protein and high vitamins helps to reduce the kidney burden while protecting the gastrointestinal mucous membranes.
Conclusion
Polling is a symptom that needs to be given high priority and may originate from a variety of diseases. In case of vomiting of blood, remain calm and take the right initial treatment measures, such as keeping the side rest, fasting water, observing the condition, etc., before being sent to the hospital for diagnosis and treatment in a timely manner. By means of detailed diagnostics, such as medical history inquiries, medical examinations, laboratory examinations, visual examinations, etc., the cause of vomiting can be determined and, in turn, targeted treatment, including general treatment, treatment of the causes, etc. At the same time, in our daily lives, we can reduce the likelihood of vomiting by taking preventive measures, such as maintaining good eating habits, rational use of medicines and effective treatment of all-body diseases. It is hoped that, through the introduction of this paper, there will be a more comprehensive understanding of vomiting and that, in the event of such a situation, it will be possible to deal with it in a way that will ensure the well-being of one ‘ s life and that of others.
Vocalized blood, digestive ulcer, oesophagus of the oesophagus and its fractured bleeding.
